社會企業跨國經營模式之研究：以社團法人台灣微客公益行動協會為例

Abstract

社會企業興起於國際交流頻繁的時代，其強調社會創新的精神，因此出現許多不同的運作經營方式，社會企業在台灣仍是新興的議題，尤其跨國經營模式尚屬萌芽階段，不僅實際採取跨國經營運作模式的社會企業數量不多，學術界亦缺乏相關研究，故引發本研究動機。本研究目的在探究社會企業跨國經營的現況與問題，以及跨國經營模式建立之可行性，進一步針對此種跨國運作類型的社會企業所面臨之困境，提出解決策略與建議，期能提供正在實踐或未來欲從事跨國經營的相關組織作為參考。 本研究以質性研究方法進行，以社團法人台灣微客公益行動協會為研究個案，採用深度訪談法、輔以參與觀察法進行資料蒐集，依據社會企業三重底線與楊銘賢等人（2009）建構的社會企業經營模式，針對研究對象的社會企業跨國經營工作進行深入探討及分析。 研究結果發現，微客公益購結合多種經營模式成為一種全新的組合型社會企業跨國經營模式，扮演海外生產端與台灣社會大眾之間的中介平台，透過提供海外經濟弱勢者工作機會，並在台灣宣傳公益購理念協助販售其產品，讓社會大眾得以透過不一樣的消費選擇，給生產者改善生活的機會，實具公平貿易精神並採取盈餘全數回饋機制，實現三重底線目標；微客社會企業跨國經營模式並未因合作國家不同而有差異，僅有產品方向因應不同國家的文化特色與當地素材有其獨特性。跨國經營會面臨經濟與文化層面問題，從事跨國貿易會因組織本身的非營利性質受到限制，而文化差異是助力或阻力，組織的態度與如何操作是重要關鍵，微客從跨國服務延伸發展公益購，熟悉當地並尊重不同文化特色，轉為公益購產品的特色成為助力。兼具社會企業三重底線的經營運作，以創新且可維持永續的商業經營方式來支持社會使命之實踐，同時具有公平貿易精神，依目前穩定發展狀況，對於未來欲從事社會企業跨國經營者具有其參考價值。The rise of social enterprises in the era of frequent international exchanges, and it emphasize on social innovation. There are many different business management. Social enterprise in Taiwan is an emerging issue, especially transnational business model is still in an embryonic stage. There are few social enterprise engaged in transnational management in the practice fields, and lack of relevant research in the academic circles. The purpose of this study is to explore situation of transnational social enterprise management and the feasibility of establishing transnational business model, then provide solutions and suggestions for some organizations which want to engage in transnational social enterprise management work. This study adopts the Wake Welfare Action Association (Wake) as study case, based on the triple bottom line of social enterprise and business model, and uses the qualitative research methods, depth interviews, participant observation to explore Wake how to manage the transnational work. The study found that the Wake welfare production, has combined many business models to become a brand new combining transnational business model of social enterprise. And has been playing the role of intermediary between overseas manufacture and the Taiwanese society. By providing overseas economic disadvantages employment opportunities and publicizing the idea of the Wake welfare production, the society may give a chance through their consumer choice, in order to improve the their living quality, carry out the spirit of fair trade, and practice the goal of triple bottom line. The transnational business model of Wake social enterprise does not make any difference between different countries, only the product aspects by the different culture characteristic and their local uniqueness. The aspects of economical and culture problems are the transnational management would face. The transnational business has the limit to the organization themselves as the nature of nonprofit, and the attitude of the organization would decide the culture differences an advantage or a disadvantage. The extension of transnational service work to the welfare production, the familiarity and respect of local cultures has become an advantage of Pucentage productions. The Wake has the triple bottom line social enterprise management, also has the innovated and sustained commercial operation management to support the sense of mission for the society, as well as the spirit of fair trade. Therefore, according to the current development status, the Wake has valuable reference for those who would like to engage in the transnational management of social enterprise.