周易的環境倫理及其大地關係

Abstract

現代化產生的環境生態的破毀和污染問題，追根究底，世人需從「機械論式世界觀」典範，方能澈底對治。當代生態保護運動和思潮以及環境倫理哲學，已能正面積極提出整全生機式的觀點，而以視大地如母的倫理，安置人文與自然的合一且和諧的親情式之關係。 整全生機式的典範，並非現代產物，乃是人類古典的天人智慧，中國經典中，整全生機之天人智慧，包括儒道陰陽諸家，均十分充盈豐富，有待我們開展當代性的經典詮釋而將古典智慧加以喚醒。 儒家是中國文化和思想的主流，其重要經典，特別是其經中之經的《周易》，承載著中國人的天人合一式的自然生態觀以及環境倫理；我們認為中國古代經典，並非哲人透過懸想玄思而在思想觀念上建構而形成，而是經由深切著明的生活和文明之實踐過程，往上提升而形成。中國人自古在大地上建立了有機生態農耕文明，中國人之心靈即於此大地基盤上，逐漸提升其思想而形成了人與天合一和諧之整全生機式本體宇宙論，而於《周易》中充分呈顯，而中國人在有機農業文明中所特有的人與大地親和的環境倫理，就是從這個思想系統中蘊涵而發生，《周易》即此倫理之載體。 本文以詮釋學的方法，就《周易》經傳文本以及有關於當代生態哲學、環境倫理等文本，進行古典和當代之思想觀念會通之詮釋。首先從《易繫辭》所提供的農耕訊息討論中國天人合一的環境倫理之基盤，此即中國的有機農業文明；再論及從此農耕生態之基盤而提升形成的「氣」的連續聯繫型宇宙思維形式；又再詮釋《易經傳》的環境生態觀和環境倫理；最後則畫龍點睛地點明《易傳》是以「仁」為核心之道德理想主義之生態觀，仁之觀點的生態觀和環境倫理學，正是中國特色的當代環境生態之智慧。

Ecological damages to the environment originate from "the world view of mechanism", which is the center idea of modernization. Before the modernized society, human had regarded the earth as their mother with "the world view of holistic vitalism", and always kept an ecological relation with the nature generally in harmony and intimacy. However, human then harm the maternal nature with their industrial techniques during the world's modernizing process. Thus the main concern in contemporary environment ethics would be to return to the holistic vitalism so that we could heal the wounds of our environmental ecology. And the thoughts of an ethic relationship that is harmonious and intimate between heaven and human, are represented in "Zhou-Yi"(《周易》), which is a significant Confucius canon of the holistic vitalism in China. The essay proceeds the interpretation of integration both classics and contemporary thoughts and concepts in a hermeneutic way as far as the content of "Zhou-Yi", and texts which are related to contemporary ecological philosophy and environmental ethics are concerned. First, I would discuss the basement of Chinese of environmental ethics, which is the Chineses traditional organic agriculture and also represents the concept of the union of heaven and human, in accordance with agricultural signals that derived in "Yi-Jih-Ts's"(《易繫辭》); then the cognitive form of the universe as an uninterrupted continuum, the concept of "Chi"(「氣」), which was arisen form that, we would be demonstrated; after that, we would have an interpretative work on the ecological view and environmental ethics in "Yi-Ching-Chuang"(《易經傳》); in the end, the ecological view of a moral idealism which have the notion "Jen"(「仁」)as its core idea, would be pointed out expressively that it is what "Yi-Chuang" (《易傳》)exhibits, and with such an ecological view and environmental ethics of "Jen", a Chinese wisdom for contemporary environmental ecology could be found.