以共同體作為人性之綻放：喬治・歐威爾《巴黎倫敦落魄記》與蔡明亮《郊遊》之比較

Abstract

隨著《無家者——從未想過我有這麼一天》（2016）的出版，以及在2017年開始舉辦的「貧窮人的台北」等活動，無家者議題近幾年漸漸在臺灣受到重視。因受到社會學領域的啟發，首先我將在此論文中探討喬治・歐威爾的《巴黎倫敦落魄記》中倫敦的部分，藉此了解無家者的成因以及英格蘭貧窮法案的發展。接著我將以蔡明亮導演的《郊遊》來討論臺灣的無家者議題，並比較無家者現象在臺灣與英國的異同。最後，受到歐威爾「經營一座小型農場，或是一畦家庭菜園」提議的啟示，以及汲取在二十一世紀由格蕾絲・李・博格斯和埃里克・歐林・賴特的社區發展理論等發想，我將討論藉組織當地、互助的共同體以反抗資本主義的可能性。 以在地為基礎的共同體中，透過互相關懷與支持，將會產生愛與歸屬感的氛圍，而人性也將成為可能。如同阿蘭・巴迪歐宣稱共產主義理念旨在將革命思想灌注於日常實踐中，地方共同體的計畫也可以是彈性且滾動式進化的。本共同體營造計劃可被視為實驗的過程，依據不同的時間與空間而有所調整。透過分析英格蘭與臺灣的無家者議題，本論文將焦點置於人性以及人類本身，期望為這個存在已久的問題找到一個可行的解決方案。With the publication of Life Stories of the Homeless in Taiwan (2016), and the serial activities called “The Poor’s Taipei” launched in 2017, the issue of homelessness has recently gained attention again in Taiwan. With such sociological inspiration, in my thesis, I will first investigate the London part of George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London, to understand the cause of the homeless and the development of the Poor Laws in England. In the next part, I will discuss the homelessness in Taiwan with Tsai Ming-liang’s Stray Dogs and compare it with the homeless phenomenon in England. Finally, inspired by Orwell’s suggestion of running a small farm, or a kitchen garden, plus the theory of community development promoted by Grace Lee Boggs and Erik Olin Wright in the twenty-first century, I will discuss the possibility of acting against the capitalistic oppression by organizing local and mutually-supporting communities. In the locally based communities, by caring and supporting each other, the atmosphere of love and the sense of belonging will be established, and the humanity becomes possible. As Alain Badiou claims that the Idea of communism intends to invest revolutionary ideas into everyday practices, the proposal of local communities may also be flexible and evolutionary. The community-building project can be seen as a process of experiment, adapting to different time and space. By analyzing the homelessness in England and Taiwan, this thesis aims to find a probable solution to the long-lasting question by focusing on human beings and humanity.