以中文為母語的學齡前兒童連接詞習得之實證研究

Abstract

本研究主要探討以中文為母語的學齡前兒童對中文連接詞的第一語言習得，主要的研究議題包括何種句法或語意類型的連接詞對學齡前兒童習得較為容易，年齡是否會影響習得的先後及使用的表現，以及連接詞理解性測驗及口說表現兩者所呈現出的結果是否一致等。本研究共設計兩個實驗，第一個實驗為圖片辨識測驗，第二實驗為故事重述測驗。實驗參加者為45位以中文為母語的學齡前兒童，根據其年齡分成三組（第一組為三歲零個月至三歲十一個月，第二組為四歲零個月至四歲十一個月，第三組為五歲零個月至五歲十一個月的兒童）。 研究發現，在圖片辨識測驗中，五歲的兒童理解能力比四歲及三歲的兒童好。使用單因子變異係數檢測發現，在從屬連接詞、表增加、表因果、表時間等連接詞，三組年齡層有顯著差異(p<0.05)。而在故事重述測驗方面，五歲的兒童亦較四歲及三歲的兒童使用較多的連接詞，但是以卡方檢定分析後發現，此差異並不顯著。因此，「年齡」的確對第一語言的習得有所影響，兒童年齡越長則其第一語言的表現也越好。整體而言，在圖片辨識測驗方面，表因果的連接詞比起其他三種語意連接詞來得簡單，而表示反意的連接詞則最為困難；在故事重述測驗，表增加的連接詞使用頻率最高。理解性測驗的結果與口說使用表現的結果大致相符合。

The present study aims to investigate the factors of age, the syntactic/semantic conjunctions, and methodological effects in Chinese-speaking preschoolers’ acquisition of conjunctions. Forty-five Chinese-speaking preschoolers participated in the experiment, and they were further categorized into three groups according to the age: Group 1 (3-year-old), Group 2 (4-year-old), and Group 3 (5-year-old). The experiment consisted of two tasks, one comprehension task (i.e., the Picture Identification Task), and one production task (i.e., the Story Retelling Task). The results of the comprehension task showed that five-year-olds outperformed three-year-olds and four-year-olds. One-way ANOVA indicated the there were significant differences in subordinator, additive, causal, and temporal conjunctions (p< 0.05). On the other hand, five-year-olds tended to use more conjunctions than the other two age groups in the production task; however, Chi-square analysis further indicated the difference among three age groups was not significant (p> 0.05). Therefore, “age” was proved to have an impact on the L1 preschoolers’ performance (i.e., the older the subjects were, the better comprehension and performance they had). In addition, it was found that in the PI task, causal conjunctions appeared to be theeasiest one and adversative conjunctions were the most difficult while in the SR task, additive conjunctions were frequently used by the subjects. Finally, the results reflected in comprehension and production tasks were similar.