成人初顯期個體恆毅力與幸福感的關係：以自我效能為中介變項、未來時間觀為干擾變項

Abstract

本研究主要目的在於了解成人初顯期個體恆毅力、自我效能、未來時間觀和幸福感的關係，並藉由文化、性別和年齡等背景變項，檢視各變項之間的差異情形。本研究以來自台灣、馬來西亞、香港、中國大陸和澳門，年齡介於18至29歲的成人初顯期個體為研究對象，共412人。研究方法採用問卷調查法，以立意取樣方式選取樣本。研究工具包含「恆毅力量表」、「自我效能量表」、「未來時間觀量表」和「幸福感量表」。資料分析使用描述性統計、皮爾森積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析，以及多元迴歸等方法。主要研究結果整理如下： 一、不同年齡組的成人初顯期個體的恆毅力有顯著差異，其中高年齡層的個體在「興趣一致性」高於中年齡層和低年齡層的個體；不同性別的成人初顯期個體的未來時間觀有顯著差異。其中，女生在「未來正向時間觀」顯著高於男生。 二、成人初顯期個體的恆毅力、自我效能與幸福感彼此之間有顯著的正相關。 三、成人初顯期個體的未來正向時間觀與恆毅力和幸福感之間分別有顯著的正相關，而未來負向時間觀則與恆毅力有顯著的負相關。 四、成人初顯期個體的恆毅力，以及自我效能均可正向預測幸福感，且自我效能對恆毅力與幸福感有部分中介效果。 五、成人初顯期個體的恆毅力與未來正向時間觀的交互作用達顯著，且對幸福感有正向影響。進一步分析發現，未來正向時間觀對恆毅力與幸福感之關係有干擾效果，其中未來正向時間觀高分組，其恆毅力對幸福感的正向解釋力較高。 六、成人初顯期個體的自我效能與未來正向時間觀對恆毅力與幸福感之關係有干擾型中介效果。 本研究根據以上的結果進行討論，並提出具體建議，供實務工作及未來研究之參考。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between grit, self-efficacy, future time perspective, and well-being among emerging adulthood. Different demographic variables were also collected to explore their differences between samples. Study samples were collected from five different countries, which were Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China and Macau. A total of 412 samples had been collected. All of the participants completed the Grit Scale, Self-efficacy Scale, Future Time Perspective Scale, and Well-being Scale. The data was analyzed via descriptive statics, Pearson correlation, MANOVA, and multiple regression. The results are as follow: 1. Consistency of interest varied significantly in age; while future positive time perspective varied significantly in gender. 2. There were significant positive relationships between grit, self-efficacy, and well-being. 3. There were significant positive relationships between grit, future positive time perspective, and well-being, but significant negative relationship between grit and future negative time perspective. 4. Grit positively predicted well-being, grit positively predicted self-efficacy, and self-efficacy positively predicted well-being. As a result, self-efficacy partially mediated grit and well-being. 5. The relationship between grit and well-being was moderated by future positive time perspective. The positive relationship between grit and well-being was stronger at higher level of future positive time perspective. 6. Self-efficacy and future positive time perspective have moderated mediation effect towards grit and well-being. Based on the result, discussions and suggestions were provided to practitioners, schools and further researchers in this area.