「人之島」達悟族傳統生態知識與現代環境治理之研究

Abstract

yamililiman sira do akawen da (達悟人為了政府土地登記，相互間爭吵)； yabere rana o isisasvad do keisakan(礁岩帶的生物變得稀少)； tosia o kusozi du pongso namen(不要核廢料放在人之島-蘭嶼)。

這是當今達悟人之島(他稱蘭嶼)最常被提起的環境議題，問題的造成，可歸咎於國家現代環境治理模式的失效，以及傳統生態知識被干擾，甚至被取代，族人照顧及維護所生存自然環境及自身社會的權力與能力被剝奪。

傳統生態知識的運用讓達悟人在這島上生存超過千年。原生在地的知識(Indigenous knowledge)隨著時間與空間的驗證，形成達悟人對當地自然環境獨有的絕佳適應力及韌性能力，這並非現代環境治理及其背後去在地脈絡化的知識所能達成。

現代環境治理雖然具有絕佳科學數據、機械技術與國家強有力的管理模式，但是迄今在人之島所經歷的現代治理過程裡，它並沒有有效地引導當地環境與社會永續發展，卻反而帶來諸多對島嶼自然環境與達悟社會的傷害。

族人面對被強置核廢料等環境不正義的對待，勇敢地起身反抗，喚起對島嶼豐腴優美自然與文化的愛惜與責任，展開傳承與守護的行動，這樣的努力，值得驕傲，也引發許多非達悟友人的關心與協助。

本論文擬呈現達悟人傳統生態知識多元動態地規律人與環境互動的內涵，來對照全球化下當前國家在人之島行使的現代環境治理，時值島嶼面臨環境議題與社會變遷劇烈嚴重之勢，期能藉由立基於傳統生態知識的在地觀點，回應並調整現代環境治理，提出達悟人所期盼的永續家園環境治理模式。

達悟部落社會順應飛魚季節天時與自然環境，經千百年考驗所建立的歲時祭儀規範，調和現代治理制度，復振部落社會組織活力，轉化為達悟自主治理的規範運作，才是解除現代國家由上而下人定外部規範，除權達悟社會的政府機構運作，人文與自然去脈絡化所造成的環境治理危機。

關鍵詞：傳統生態知識、環境治理、人之島(蘭嶼)、達悟、原住民族

Abstract Today the environment and society of Pongso no Tao(Tao people’s Island, Lanyu) are facing serious problems. Modern environmental governance interferes and replaces Tao people’s traditional ecological knowledge. Their rights and capability of taking care of and guarding natural environment with their own society have been deprived.

The adoption of Tao people’s traditional ecological knowledge help them to survive more than hundred years. They have excellent adaptability and resilience to the local island environment and it is unique. This is not the de-contextualized modern environmental governance and its background knowledge can achieve.

This thesis presents the connotation of Tao traditional ecological knowledge of multivariate dynamic interactions with the environment. It will also be compare to the modern state environmental governance under the impact of Globalization. Pongso no Tao (Lanyu) are facing serious environmental and social changes now. It is expected that modern environmental governance could be transformed in viewpoint of Tao people with response to and adjustment of traditional ecological knowledge. Finally, the governance model of sustainable homeland environment will be proposed which Tao people are looking forward to.

Keywords: Traditional Ecologic Knowledge(TKE), Environmental Governance, Pongso no Tao(Lanyu), Tao, Indigenous