台灣優秀耐力及瞬發力運動選手基因與蛋白質攝取之相關性

Abstract

本研究目的是探討台灣優秀運動選手之身體組成、飲食攝取、基因型態與運動類型的關係。研究對象為18~25歲之優秀運動選手，依運動類型及性別分為四組：男耐力組（57位，20.3 ± 1.5歲）、男瞬發力組（89位，20.0 ± 1.4歲）、女耐力組（57位，20.3 ± 1.2歲）以及女瞬發力組（121位，20.0 ± 1.2歲）；同時招募同年齡層之健康男控制組（100位，21.4 ± 2.2歲）以及健康女控制組（100位，21.4 ± 2.0歲）；分別進行身體組成分析、跟骨廣頻超音波衰減率測量、「飲食、運動與生活習慣問卷」調查、ACE（I/D對偶基因）、ACTN3（R/X對偶基因）以及AGT（M/T對偶基因）之基因型判定。 結果顯示，男性運動組之熱量攝取 (p＜.0001)、蛋白質單位體重攝取 (p＜.001)、除脂體重 (p＜.0001) 及骨質密度 (p＜.01) 皆顯著高於男控制組，其中於二運動組間之比較中，蛋白質攝取百分比及蛋白質單位體重攝取又以男瞬發力組顯著高於男耐力組 (p＜.05)。於女性受試者之熱量攝取以女耐力組顯著高於女控制組 (p＜.05)，蛋白質攝取百分比 (p＜.0001) 及蛋白質單位體重攝取 (p＜.01) 以女運動組顯著高於女控制組，其中於二運動組之比較間，蛋白質攝取百分比及蛋白質單位體重攝取又以女瞬發力組顯著高於女耐力組 (p＜.05)。除脂體重 (p＜.0001) 及骨質密度 (p＜.0001) 則以女運動組顯著高於女控制組，其中女瞬發力組又顯著高於女耐力組。基因檢測結果，ACE基因之基因型分配頻率，與控制組相較之下，男耐力組 (p＜.05)、男瞬發力組 (p＜.05) 及女耐力組 (p＜.05) 選手之基因型分配頻率均達顯著差異；而在耐力型與瞬發力型之比較中，男性 (p＜.001) 或女性 (p＜.001) 選手之基因型分配頻率皆分別達顯著差異。於ACTN3基因中則是女性三組之基因型分配頻率之間的比較均達顯著差異 (p＜.01)。AGT基因中，男女各組之基因型分配頻率比較皆未達顯著差異 (p＞.05)。多元迴歸分析結果顯示，運動訓練、熱量攝取、蛋白質單位體重攝取量及ACE基因於女性運動選手中，共同解釋了除脂體重百分比19.0% 的變異量 (R2 = 0.190；p< 0.001)；於男性運動選手則無顯著之解釋力。 本研究發現，ACE基因和蛋白質攝取量可能在台灣優秀運動員的成績表現扮演重要角色；然而ACTN3基因可能只有利於台灣優秀女性運動選手。

This study investigated the relationships among body composition, dietary intake, genotypes of the ACE, ACTN3, and AGT genes, and exercise type of Taiwanese elite athletes. Based on gender and exercise type, university elite athletes were divided into four groups: endurance/male (n = 57), sprint/male (n = 89), endurance/female (n = 57), and sprint/female (n = 121). Simultaneously, age-matched sedentary/healthy control/male (n = 100) and control/female (n = 100) were also recruited. We examined the body composition, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), dietary behavior and exercise status, and the genotypes of ACE (I/D alleles), ACTN3 (R/X alleles), and AGT (M/T alleles) of each participant. The energy (p＜.0001), protein intake (g/kg/day; p＜.001), fat-free mass (%; p＜.0001), and BUA (p＜.01) of male athlete groups were significantly higher than those of the control/male group, respectively. The energy intake (p＜.05) of endurance/female group was significantly higher than that of the control/female group. The protein intake percentage (p＜.0001) and protein intake on a body weight basis (p＜.01) of female athlete groups were significantly higher than those of the control/female group, respectively. The fat-free mass (%; p＜.0001) and BUA (p＜.0001) of female athlete groups were significantly higher than those of the control/female group, respectively. The fat-free mass (%; p＜.0001) and BUA (p＜.0001) of the sprint/female group were also significantly higher than those of the endurance/female group, respectively. Furthermore, the protein intake, on either basis, of the sprint group was significantly higher (p< .05) than that of the corresponding endurance group for both genders. The ACE genotype distribution in endurance/male (p＜.05), sprint/male (p＜.05), or endurance/female (p＜.05) group was significantly different from that of the corresponding control group, as well as the ACE genotype distribution between the endurance and sprint groups for both genders (p＜.001). There were significant differences in ACTN3 genotype distribution among the three female groups (p＜.01). The distribution of AGT genotype, however, was no different among all the groups (p＞.05). According to the multiple regression analysis, the training duration (years), protein intake (g/kg/day), energy intake, and ACE gene explained 19.0% of the variation of FFM (%) in the female athletes (R2 = 0.190, P< 0.001). Both ACE genotype and protein intake might play roles in Taiwanese elite athletes’ performance. ACTN3 genotype, however, may benefit the performance of Taiwanese elite female athletes only.