東日本大震災受災地商店街復興模式之探討分析

Abstract

2011年3月11日於日本東北部外海發生規模9.0的地震，在東北沿岸地區引發10公尺以上的海嘯，更導致福島縣第一核電廠反應爐發生輻射物質洩漏事故；強震、海嘯、輻射物質外洩所造成的複合式災害對災區造成嚴重的傷害。災區重建與復興工作持續推展，如今已逾十年，災區商店與商店街的復興情況如何？居民是否能安心無虞的返居生活？居民是否能順利取得各項所需生活物資？不同類型的受災城市其復興情形是否有別?哪些是影響復興工作的關鍵因素?都是本研究所關心的重要議題。本研究主要目的為探討不同類型受災城市商店街重建的復興模式，分析當地民眾購買基本日常生活物資的可及性，分析影響復興工作的重要因素，並探討不同利害關係人在災害重建復興所扮演的角色。本研究所採用研究方法為文獻分析法、現地田野調查以及專家訪談法。本研究共完成宮城縣女川町、福島縣浪江町、岩手縣山田町、岩手縣大槌町、福島縣南相馬市、宮城縣氣仙沼市等六個案例的分析探討。女川町和山田町因災後迅速組成復興委員會並推動復興計畫，並積極申請復興廳的補助金，人口與觀光客正穩定回流，成為全國復興城市的典範；浪江町和大槌町屬於災後人口迅速流失的城市，在缺乏人力資源的情形下，人口和產業的回流更形成惡性循環；南相馬市和氣仙沼市因為屬於知名度較高且人口數較多的中型城市，災後仍有相當之市內外資源投入，使得重建的工作較為順利。On March 11, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred off the coast of northeastern Japan, triggering a tsunami of more than 10 meters in the northeastern coastal area, and causing a radioactive material leak accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Several areas were severely damaged by the huge tsunami and related composite disasters. The reconstruction and rehabilitation programes of the disaster area have been continuously implemented, and it’s been over ten years now. How is the status of the shopping streets? Are the residents satisfied their daily demand from local stores?The main purposes of this research are to explore the reconstruction model of different types of disaster cities, to investigate the availability of basic daily essentials, to explore the important factors affecting the reconstruction, and to analyze the role of various stakeholders in the reconstruction process. Various methods including document Analysis, field research, and expert interview were used in this study.The six cases including the shopping streets in Onagawa Town, Namie Town, Yamada Town, Otsuchi Town, Minamisoma City, and Kesennuma City were explored finally. After the disaster, Onagawa Town and Yamada Town quickly formed a reconstruction committee and implemented the reconstruction plan, and actively applied for grants from the Reconstruction Agency. Since the population and tourists are returning steadily, Onagawa Town and Yamada Town have become the good examples of the reconstruction models. The reconstruction processes in Namie Town and Otsuchi Town are relative slow because the absence of human resources and the lack of reconstruction resources. Since Minamisoma City and Kesennuma City are medium-sized cities with higher reputation and large population, they can obtain sufficient resources from inside and outside. Hence, it supports the reconstruction plans can be implemented successfully.