優秀桌球選手最佳運動表現的心理狀態及來源

Abstract

本研究目的主要是探討優秀桌球選手最佳運動表現時的心理狀態及來源，以半結構式深度訪談的方法對10名（男5、女5；平均年齡 = 20.9±1.85歲；球齡 = 12.4年）現役桌球國手進行資料蒐集，其中五名選手代表台灣參加2010年在莫斯科舉辦的世界桌球錦標賽，訪談時間為40-60分鐘。經過資料分析後共得310句有意義之敘述句，進一步的內容分析後共得五大心理狀態的向度，分別為「專注」、「自信心」、「正面思考導向」、「情緒管理」及「動機」。另外，根據資料整理與分析後，專注的來源為「頭腦清晰」、「只專注當下」與「尋求突破」；自信心的來源為「教練臨場指導」、「賽前技戰術與心/生理的準備」、「相信自己的技術」與「社會支持」；正面思考導向的來源為「自我挑戰」與「自我激勵」；情緒管理的來源為「心態放鬆」與「平常心應戰」；動機的來源為「不服輸」與「在意比賽結果」。基於研究結果，本研究除了提供專業人員和教練對選手執行心理訓練時參考之外，亦期盼未來研究可針對教練進行深度訪談，提升教練對選手在比賽場上時心理狀態的知覺。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological states of peak performance and their sources in elite table tennis players. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 elite table tennis players (mean age = 20.9±1.85, mean sport years = 12.4±2.86), five of whom represented Taiwan to attend the 2010 World Team Table Tennis Championships in Moscow. The average duration of each interview lasted about 60 minutes. Content analysis was performed to analyze the qualitative data of transcribed verbatim obtained through individual face-to-face interviews. Three hundred and ten quotes were drawn from the interview transcripts and then five dimensions were emerged after the inductive analysis process. They are concentration, self-confidence, positive thinking, emotion management, and Motivation. Besides, based on the results of the study, the sources of concentration were sober-minded thinking, concentration on the present and seeking an opportunity to reverse. The sources of self-confidence comprised coaches’ instruction, mental, tactical, and physical preparation before competition, self-belief in techniques, and social support. The sources of positive thinking included self-challenging and self-encouragement. Further, mental relaxation and competing like regular practice were the sources of emotional management. A desire for winning and concern about the result were the sources of motivation. The findings provided information for sport psychologists and coaches to organize appropriate psychological skills training programs for table tennis players. Further suggestion was proposed for strengthening coaches’ awareness of athletes’ mental states.