旅遊發展與農村永續生計: 再思印尼北蘇門答臘省多巴湖地區的觀光發展

Abstract

本研究透過檢視印尼北蘇門答臘多巴湖（Lake Toba）地區的空間、社會與政治變遷，探討觀光發展與永續生計之間的關係。研究以亨利·勒斐伏爾（Henri Lefebvre）的「空間生產理論」、永續生計架構以及政治生態學為理論基礎，分析觀光發展如何重塑地景、生計方式與權力關係。研究採用質性研究方法，結合深度訪談、政策文件分析，以及使用 NVIVO 對過去十年的新聞標題進行內容分析。訪談資料與政策文件，則透過描述性的內容分析，分析指出議題背後的張力與結構動力。本研究發現，印尼政府將多巴湖塑造成國際觀光目的地的策略願景與在地生活現實之間存有明顯的落差。官方敘事將其描繪為有序且具包容性，新聞報導則大力讚揚其正面效益，然而在地生活經驗卻見證觀光策略的零散、土地糾紛、權力不對等問題日益加劇。這些緊張局勢的核心在於「傳統土地/領域」（Tanah Adat）的爭議，國家政策往往凌駕於在地傳統價值主張之上，導致空間使用權的競爭與衝突。觀光發展雖以提升在地生計為目標，卻暴露傳統土地與國有林地之間的複雜糾葛。慣習的傳統土地、國有林地之間的重疊主張與模糊邊界，反映出多巴湖地區土地權屬治理中深層的法律與制度性複雜度，進而削弱觀光發展的成效並動搖在地社會的凝聚力。這種凝聚力的流失，除了來自土地地位的不明確，也與巴塔克族（Batak）傳統社會結構的變動密切相關，而該結構與土地所有權有著深厚的關聯。從政治生態學的視角，本文指出權力如何在物質、論述與空間層面之上運作 -- 不同行動者在此過程中為了保護自身利益而進行協商或抵抗。在地人民因經濟利益分歧而分裂為堅決支持、堅決反對觀光發展的兩派，另有一群人則持觀望態度。這種分歧，加上其他因素，直接或間接影響了許多個人取得生計資源。部分人從觀光開發中受益，也有人感受到被排除與邊緣化。 本研究挑戰了視觀光發展為中立發展形式的主流敘事，強調有必要進行根植於在地、 具有文化敏感度與權利導向的規劃。最終，多巴湖的觀光發展不僅是經濟計畫，更是 一場重塑土地、權力與認同的空間與政治工程。若欲達成永續目標，則必須建立更具 包容性與在地回應性的治理機制。

This study explores the relationship between tourism development and sustainable livelihoods by examining spatial, social, and political transformations in Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Guided by Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF), and political ecology, the study investigates how tourism development reconfigures landscapes, livelihoods, and power dynamics. Using qualitative methods, the research draws on in-depth interviews, policy reviews, and a summative content analysis of ten years of headline news using NVIVO. Interviews and policy documents were examined using descriptive content analysis to reveal underlying tensions and structural dynamics.Findings reveal a sharp disjuncture between the Indonesian government’s strategic vision of Lake Toba as an international tourism destination and the lived realities in the research sites. While official narratives frame development as orderly and inclusive, and headline news laud the benefit of the development, local experiences highlighted fragmented implementation, unresolved land disputes, and persistent power asymmetries. Central to these tensions is the issue of customary land (Tanah Adat), where national policies frequently override local Adat claims, resulting in spatial contestation.Although tourism development was intended to enhance local livelihoods, it has instead exposed the complex entanglement between customary land and State Forest land. Overlapping claims, coupled with unclear land boundaries, reflect deep-rooted legal and institutional complexities in land tenure governance in the Lake Toba areas, undermining the effectiveness of tourism development and weakening social cohesion in the area. This erosion of cohesion stems not only from uncertain land status but also from disruptions to the Batak’s traditional social structure, which are closely tied to land ownership.A political ecology lens reveals how power operates across material, discursive, and spatial dimensions, revealing how actors negotiate or resist to protects their interest. Conflicting economic interest among the local people have divided them into groups that either strongly resist or support tourism development, alongside those who remain uncertain and adopt a wait-and-see stance. This divisions, among other factors, have directly and indirectly influenced individuals’ access to livelihood opportunities. While some benefited from tourism development projects, others have felt marginalized and excluded.This study challenges dominant narratives that frame tourism as neutral form of development, emphasizing instead the need for locally grounded, culturally informed, and rights-based planning. Ultimately, tourism in Lake Toba is not merely an economic initiative, but a spatial and political project, one that reconfigures land, authority, and identity. Achieving sustainable outcomes will require more inclusive and locally responsive governance mechanisms.