澎湖縣西嶼鄉的漁撈活動與村落海域領域的變遷
Abstract
澎湖縣西嶼鄉位於澎湖群島的西部，受到地理環境的影響下，自古以來島民便以陸域旱作農業及海域漁撈活動兼營的型態為其主要的維生方式，在依海維生的島民生活中，漁撈活動象徵著人的生活空間與生產空間分離的狀態；因此，由海域漁撈活動所建構出的領域及領域性，勢必將呈現出另一種風貌。在「漁撈活動的特性對村落海域領域的變遷有何影響？」的問題意識下，本文以領域性為研究核心，試圖以各時期漁撈活動的特性，透過方志及官方統計資料的印證與田野調查等方式，探討自清領時期以來，經過日治時期及光復後本區海域領域制訂的內涵及其時空變遷的意義，並據此建構島嶼村落海域的領域。具體的研究成果如下：
一、清領時期國家消極的管理，限制漁撈活動的發展，村落海域領域較小。
清領時期國家行政體系，在地區軍事佈防及海防的需求下，採取消極性限制的漁業管理政策，一昧的限制沿海地區的居民出海從事漁撈活動，避免民眾成為劫掠的盜匪，而增加治安的問題，故於沿海地區並未全力的發展漁撈活動。在國家並未積極的制訂海域領域管理政策下，村落海域領域的形成，是建構在聚落開發的基礎上，以先佔先贏的方式，佔有海域領域並進行開發，並透過各種沿岸漁撈活動的經營維持其領域性；同時，為了有效阻止其他聚落居民進入，必須將聚落內各血緣團體結合在一起，而使地緣社會的特性日益顯著。
二、日治時期國家積極的開發，帶動漁撈活動的成長，村落海域領域擴大。
日本殖民政府為了達到殖產興業的目標，透過各項調查工作的推行，確認研究區內具有豐富的漁業資源後，在國家力量的帶動下，一方面引入新式的設備及技術，促進漁撈活動及水產加工業朝向現代化的發展，二方面更透過相關漁業法規條文的頒訂，以成文法保障了村落海域領域，將清領時期透過沿岸漁撈活動的經營所維持之領域性，具體的提升至法律位階的層次，使聚落間的領域衝突得以獲得實質的解決。
三、光復後國家政策的引導，帶動漁撈活動積極的轉型，村落海域領域逐漸被忽略。
光復後，沿岸漁撈活動受戰事影響較小，適時的彌補了產量低迷的近海漁業，日治時期具有法律效力的海域領域，在沿岸漁撈活動仍受重視的情況下，得以繼續維持。民國50年代中期以後，國家為了振興漁村經濟，提升漁村生活水準，以各項政策引導漁船動力化、漁具機械化、漁撈技術科學化，這一連串的過程，使得近海漁業得以迅速復甦；相對的，在勞動力缺乏，以及漁產量及產值無法提高的狀態下，沿岸漁撈呈現明顯的衰退，再加上維生資源日益多樣化，依附於沿岸漁撈活動所建構之海域領域及其領域性亦隨之被忽略。
Xi-yu township, Peng-hu county, is located in the western of Penghu archipelago. Because of the geographical environment, the main living activities of people who live on the island are dry farming and fishing activities since ancient times. For those who live from the sea, fishing activities symblolize that living space and producing space are separated. Therefore, the territory and territoriality which are based on fishing activities in the sea will be different from those based on dry farming on the land. With the concept regarding “what is the influence on changes in the sea territory of village in the characteristic of fishing activities”, “territoriality” will be the core issue in this paper. According to the charateristics of fishing activities during three periods covering from the beginning of Qing dynasty to the present day and throughing the local records, official statistical data and fieldwork, this study is focusing on investigating the meaning of change with time and space of sea territory in Xi-yu township, and accordingly constucting the sea torritoy of villages on the island.
Xi-yu township, Peng-hu county, is located in the western of Penghu archipelago. Because of the geographical environment, the main living activities of people who live on the island are dry farming and fishing activities since ancient times. For those who live from the sea, fishing activities symblolize that living space and producing space are separated. Therefore, the territory and territoriality which are based on fishing activities in the sea will be different from those based on dry farming on the land. With the concept regarding “what is the influence on changes in the sea territory of village in the characteristic of fishing activities”, “territoriality” will be the core issue in this paper. According to the charateristics of fishing activities during three periods covering from the beginning of Qing dynasty to the present day and throughing the local records, official statistical data and fieldwork, this study is focusing on investigating the meaning of change with time and space of sea territory in Xi-yu township, and accordingly constucting the sea torritoy of villages on the island.
Description
Keywords
海域領域, 領域性, 漁撈活動, 島嶼, 澎湖縣, 西嶼鄉, sea territory, territoriality, fishing activity, island, Peng-hu County, Xi-yu Township