廢校再利用為藝文展演空間機制之建構

Abstract

近年來，臺灣因少子化、人口遷移、重大災害等因素面臨廢校問題，在行政院文化建設委員會「閒置空間再利用」的政策下、行政院活化閒置公共設施專案小組的監督，以及財政部國有財產署積極督促中央與地方政府引進民間資源來活化國家資產之運用，閒置空間委外經營成為公部門鼓勵的政策，也成為目前眾多廢校採取的活化模式。然而，學校是社區的根，驟然廢校、衝擊社區後，再思以藝文展演為活化的新內容委託民間經營，往往經營困難、成效不彰。廢校是一個學校生命的結束，能否在眾人的祝福下落幕，並在期待中重啟新的藝術生命，讓學校的精神與社區的活力永續？ 本論文先檢視臺灣的政策與法規，再探析日本、美國等國家的相關政策與案例，來探討廢校的社會問題、閒置再利用的問題以及藝文展演空間之經營等，這些國家的問題比臺灣龐雜，廢校再利用為藝文展演空間的經驗多，且社會發展比較成熟，深入分析其操作方式，俾以借鏡。 接續透過分析文獻、報導，以及深度訪談等方式，挖掘臺灣的廢校再利用為藝文展演空間過程中的種種問題，深入探討問題的根源，也發現了一些亂象。參考國外相關案例經驗，與國內狀況比較，爬梳可資運用的方法，提出機制簡述如下： 一、 廢校準備階段： 建置「廢校預警資訊平台」，將資訊透明，希望讓利害關係人得以準備因應，另希望讓關心者有時間機會醞釀接手，從學校關閉到藝文展演空間開幕，盡可能不要有閒置的空檔；設計「廢校準備時程表」輔助執行嚴謹、順暢。 二、 翻轉階段： 透過採購評選機制評選出適切的團隊。 三、 藝文展演空間經營階段： 以博物館法、公共工程委員會的「閒置公共設施活化標準」來規範經營內容，及開放時間、利用率的基本要求；又，透過定期評鑑、不定期檢查、神秘客評鑑來確保展演活動、教育推廣、設施維護、服務品質等。 本論文希望建構整體機制，以避免資源浪費、減少政府與民眾的矛盾、保護學生受教權益、鞏固社區活力與地方特色，並且讓建築設施（硬體）與後續的藝文產業經營（軟體）得以永續。With low birth rate, population migration, major disasters and other problems in recent years, many district governments are facing the anguishing decision to close several declining enrollment schools. Under the re-use of vacant space policy issued by Council for Cultural Affairs, outsourcing the vacant space to professional management sector has become first priority to encourage the district government to follow. It should be noticed that all the processes must be supervised by the activation vacant public facility special group, the Executive Yuan. Also, the National Property Administration, Ministry of Finance, urged central and local governments to induce private resources to activate the use of state assets. Therefore, this has become a standard measure for most of the district governments to deal with vacant schools. However, the school is the connection center of the community. The prompt closure of a school might have a huge impact to the community. Therefore, the transformation from schools to art space and commissioned by private business might result in operating difficulties and ineffectiveness. For the communities, to close a school is very similar to end the school’s life. It should be ended in blessing, and reborn in anticipation with new artistic life, to extend the school spirit and community sustainable development. This thesis reviewed Taiwan's policies and regulations, and investigated several cases in Japan and the United States, to discuss social problems caused by school closure, re-use issues regarding vacant space, and operation principles related to art space. By studying these cases, there are several concepts worth to learn from decision making, communication techniques, and implementation processes, because the problems occurred in these mature societies are much complex than Taiwan, and they have more experiences in converting closed schools to art space. Through analyzing reports, references, and in-depth interviews, there are problems emerged during the converting process. Based on the experiences from other countries, and the current situations in Taiwan, a feasible mechanism has proposed as follows: 1. Preliminary phase for school closure: construct a vigilance information platform for stakeholders to prepare in advance and concerned people to follow, and design a timetable to assist the whole process go prudently and smoothly. 2. Transition phase: set up a procurement evaluation committee to select proper teams for operation. 3. Operation phase for art space: Regulate operation content based on Museums Act and activation standard for vacant public facility issued by Public Construction Commission, and set regular evaluation, irregular evaluation to insure exhibition and service quality. The purpose of this proposed mechanism is to avoid the waste of resources, reduce the conflict between government and the public, protect the education privilege for students, solidify community active power and local features, and could make the building facilities and art industries management to achieve sustainable development goals.