基於語料庫的現代漢語通用量詞「個」之研究

Abstract

「量詞」作為現代漢語中單獨存在的一種詞類，是漢藏語系語言的重要特徵，而「個」作為現代漢語中唯一的通用量詞，其「通用」的屬性讓「個」不可避免地與其他的專用量詞存在語義重疊的情形，從而造成包括母語者群體在內的混用及誤用現象，值得深入探討。本研究首先基於語料庫的研究方法，針對量詞「個」的語義語法等相關語言使用規律進行分析探討，並結合學習者語料庫數據對大陸及台灣地區學習者有關量詞「個」的使用偏誤進行分析與總結。此外，本研究還採用了問卷調查法對量詞「個」在兩岸不同族群中的日常語言環境表達進行補充考證，探討不同族群間有關量詞「個」的使用差異性及泛化特徵分佈。經綜合分析，本研究共揭示以下五項結果。第一，「個」的使用範圍及可出現的語境均較為複雜，並不存在明確的語法規則，但具有一定的傾向性規律。第二，「個」是典型的具有中性語義韻的詞項，一般不能跟數詞「二」連用，個體數量或者巨大數量都可以用「個」來修飾。「個」與「件」在計量事件上存在共現語境，但是「個」的使用範圍通常局限在口語，名詞「事件」一般只被「個」修飾；而「個」與「種」在語義上並無重疊，二者不可替換使用。第三，兩岸母語者在「個」與名詞搭配的用法上雖不存在顯著的兩岸差異，但台灣地區的母語者在有關職業稱謂詞前的量詞選擇等方面上存在更為明顯的泛化現象。第四，兩岸學習者因語言環境的不同在量詞「個」及其近義量詞的辨析使用上存在一定差異性，在有關職業稱謂詞前的量詞選擇和巨大數量前的量詞選擇等用法的區分上，台灣地區學習者的表現相對較弱。第五，受熟悉效應理論影響，兩岸學習者對於量詞「個」的使用與兩岸母語者的語言使用存在密切的相關性。

Based on corpus research, this study analyzes the semantic and grammatical rules of Ge, and summarizes the learners' errors in the use of Ge both in Mainland China and Taiwan. In addition, this study also uses the questionnaire method to supplement the everyday contexts of Ge and discuss the differences and overuse of Ge by learners between Mainland China and Taiwan. After comprehensive analysis, this study reveals the following five results. First, the scope and the context of Ge are relatively complex. There are no clear grammatical rules, but there are certain tendency laws. Second, Ge conforms to the lexical feature of neutral semantic prosody and cannot be used with the numeral Er ‘two’. Both individual numbers and large numbers can be modified with Ge. The study also finds that Ge and Jian have co-occurrence contexts when measuring events, but the use of Ge is usually limited to colloquial language, and the noun event is usually only modified by Ge. There is no semantic overlap between Ge and Zhong. Third, although there is no significant difference between the collocation of Ge and nouns, native speakers in Taiwan exhibit a more obvious overuse phenomenon in the selection of classifiers before professional appellations. Fourth, due to different language environments, learners from Mainland China and Taiwan have certain differences in the discrimination of Ge and its synonymous classifiers. In terms of the distinction between the choice of classifiers before professional appellations and classifiers before large numbers, learners in Taiwan perform worse. Fifth, influenced by the Familiarity Effect, the use of Ge by learners is closely related to the use of native speakers both in Mainland China and Taiwan.