應用預設用途於產品型態設計之創作研究

Abstract

生態心理學家James Gibson於1979年創造了「Affordance」一詞，中文名稱譯「預設用途」。「預設用途」具有能讓生物直覺理解環境的功能意義與觸發生物行為之特性，使得此理論逐漸被設計領域廣泛接受與應用，尤其在產品設計上。然而在預設用途的理論中並無明確說明與產品設計之關係為何，直到認知心理學家Norman提出「感知的預設用途」，因而有機會令設計師與使用者在產品認知上減少隔閡。 為了發揮預設用途在產品設計應用的價值，本研究蒐集預設用途的相關文獻並給予定義上的釐清，從中理解預設用途所包括的形式樣貌與產品設計應用的參考依據為何，並以文獻歸納之重點當做預設用途設計案例的評論依據，分析出預設用途在產品設計上擁有的五項特性。最後本研究以文獻歸納之重點以及案例分析之特性結果，當做創作發想時的參考依據，再經由三項作品的創作結果，整合成設計師可應用的「預設用途之設計模式」。 從研究結果顯示，預設用途不僅是生態學中的學理，在產品設計上也能有效給予思考上的幫助，創造出附有預設用途特性的產品型態樣貌，因此本研究最後得到以下結論： （1）在研究預設用途與產品設計之關係時，必須將「人」與「產品」視為一體探 討，瞭解使用者對於產品的功能需求與預設用途的察覺。 （2）預設用途整體可分為「直覺」與「認知」兩者差異性。 （3）預設用途可應用於在產品設計上，並能透過「預設用途之設計模式」發展出產品 的三種形態樣貌，各形式的表現方式都不相同。In 1979, the eco-psychologist James Gibson created a word “affordance”, referring to a feature that make living things know the surrounding environment instinctively and stimulate their biological behaviors. This theory was gradually accepted and adopted in design field especially in product design. However, the theory of affordance doesn’t explicitly mention its relation to product design until the cognitive psychologist Norman brought up “perceived affordance” that helped bridge the gap over product recognition between designer and user. To show the value of affordance in the application of product design, the study collected relevant literature review about affordance and clarified its definition to learn the references for affordance including product look, shape and design. The analysis of affordance design cases was conducted on the basis of collected literature review to find out the five features of affordance in the application of product design. The study integrated the conclusion of collected literature review and the features of case analysis for creation references, and the three design works to develop an applicable “the design model of affordance” for designers. According to the research results, affordance acts more than a theory in ecology. It helps designers to think when designing products to create a product type that has features of affordance. The following conclusions were made in this study: 1. “Human being” and “product” must be taken into account as a whole when studying the relation between affordance and product design to understand user’s demands for the product and awareness of affordance. 2. Affordance can be divided into “instinct” and “cognition”. 3. Affordance can be applied to product design and developed into three types with completely different presentations through “the design model of affordance”