利用眼球追蹤技術分析高中學生能力導向問題解決之表現與視覺注意力之關係

Abstract

本研究參考十二年國民基本教育課程綱要中的學習表現項目及PISA 2025的評量架構，設計出數位互動且跨域的探究情境題組，共15道試題，滿分為17分。依據探究實作的學習表現，本研究將測驗內容分為四大面向，包含「觀察與定題(o)」、「計畫與執行(e)」、「分析與發現(a)」與「討論與傳達(c)」。施測對象為修習過探究與實作課程之35名高中二年級學生，受試者於線上數位平台上進行測驗，在作答的同時，利用Tobii 4C眼動儀收取受試者在作答時的眼動資料，然後依據不同的學習表現進行分組，最後使用重複測量單因子相依變異數分析(Repeated Measured ANOVA)歸納學生在不同能力導向問題解決表現的趨勢；以皮爾森相關(Pearson Correlation)分析不同能力導向問題解決表現與視覺注意力的關係。研究結果顯示，學生受測最高分為15分，最低分為4.5分，平均分數為9.6分，標準差為2.9分。進一步分析不同題型之表現結果顯示，學生的討論與傳達(c)表現最好，計畫與執行(e)表現最差。而與PISA 2025的評量架構的能力項目對應後，可知學生具有「以科學的角度解釋現象」的能力，但是較缺乏「建構和評估科學的探究活動，並批判性地詮釋科學數據與證據」。於解題過程中，學生在分析與發現(a)題型上的的注意力分配最多，也呈現最多處理、整合訊息的時間；在討論與傳達(c)的面向上，初步文字理解的時間最長；在計畫與執行(e)題型上的的平均凝視時間最高。各問題解決面向的總分與AOI眼動的相關分析結果顯示，觀察與定題(o)得分與錯誤選項的凝視時間百分比相關、計畫與執行(e)得分與正確選項上的掃視時間有關；分析與發現(a)得分與在問答題上的總花費時間及掃視時間有關；討論與傳達(c)總分則與圖表上的凝視時間百分比、再次造訪凝視時間、總凝視時間、總花費時間、掃視時間等眼動指標有關。

The aim of the study was to design and test a computerized interactive competency-based assessment based on the performance indicators for the inquiry learning in the Taiwanese 12-Year Basic Education Curriculum Guidelines as well as PISA 2025 science framework. The test, consisted of 15 questions, has a full score of 17 points. According to the Curriculum Guideline, the test items were divided into four inquiry dimensions: Observation and Definition (o), Planning and Execution (e), Analysis and Discovery (a), Discussion and Communication (c). Thirty-five eleventh grade students, who had completed inquiry and practice courses, were invited to take the test on an online digital platform while their eye movement data was collected using a Tobii 4C eye tracker. In addition to finding the performance trend of solving problems of different inquiry dimension using descriptive statistics, participants’ eye movement data were analyzed using repeated measured ANOVA and Pearson correlation to find the relations between the visual attention during problem solving and test performances.The results showed that the test scores ranged from 4.5 to 15 points, with a mean of 9.6 and standard deviation of 2.9. Further analysis showed that students performed best in the inquiry dimensions of Discussion and Communication (c) and poorest in the dimension of Planning and Execution (e). By cross-checking with the PISA 2025 science framework, it was inferred that students performed better in competency of “explaining phenomena scientifically” but weaker in “constructing and evaluating designs and interpreting scientific data and evidence critically”.During problem solving, students allocated most of their visual attention to the dimension of Analysis and Discovery (a), indicated by the longest information processing and integration time. For the dimension of Discussion and Communication (c), students spent the longest time reading the initial text information. For Planning and Execution (e), students showed the highest average fixation duration. Results of the correlation analysis revealed that (1) scores of Observation and Definition (o) correlated significantly with the proportion of fixation duration on incorrect choices; (2) scores of Planning and Execution (e) correlated significantly with the sum of saccade duration on correct choices; (3) scores of Analysis and Discovery (a) correlated significantly with the total time spent and the sum of saccade duration in AOIs of question and the written-response question; (4) scores of Discussion and Communication (c) correlated with the proportion of fixation duration, revisited fixation duration, total fixation duration, total time spent and sum of saccade duration on graphics.