桃園「戰南北」的地方意義：區域化的探究

Abstract

本文利用新區域地理學的觀點，探討桃園市會劃分出南北的原因，且針對宗教、政治、教育等不同面向，梳理南北桃園是如何影響這三個面向，歸納出「戰南北」對桃園居民的影響。以文獻分析為研究方法，整理桃園相關文獻資料，找出桃園劃分原因和影響面向。由於桃園「戰南北」的議題存在非常久，主要會分成南北桃園的原因為族群，從清領時期大量的漢人移入開墾，閩南人主要聚集在北桃園，而客家人聚集在南桃園，直到日治時期做了人口統計，發現桃園呈現出「北閩南客」的現象，因此，在重新劃分行政區界時，即依據族群分布而設立桃園郡、中壢郡和大溪郡。根據族群分布桃園被劃分成以桃園區為核心的北桃園，其中包含八德區、大園區、大溪區、蘆竹區、龜山區六個行政區 ; 以中壢區為核心的南桃園，包含平鎮區、龍潭區、楊梅區、新屋區、觀音區六個行政區。本文探討土地公廟和伯公廟的分布，因伯公是客家人對土地公的稱呼，藉由名稱的差異，觀察出伯公廟多分布於南桃園地區，驗證桃園呈現「北閩南客」，且在土地公廟的分布上，也有南北區域化。在早期閩客械鬥多，加上族群認同，導致南北區界劃分明顯，也顯現在桃園的政治上，當時為了平衡兩方族群的勢力和避免紛爭，所以在第一屆縣長選舉過後，有了不成文的南北輪替傳統，每兩屆會換另一區域的人當縣長，而議長會由與縣長不同區域的人出任，以達到南北發展均衡，此傳統維持了近五十年之久，使桃園人的南北意識深植於心。在教育上，由於桃園高中與中央大學附屬中壢高中這兩所高中的入學成績相近，所以探討入學的學生來源，發現位在北桃園的桃園高中，學生主要來自於北桃園地區，而位在南桃園的中央大學附屬中壢高中，學生來自南桃園的比例較高，主要與桃園的交通路網分成南北兩個核心有關，以致學生會依照生活圈和交通易達性而做選擇。在桃園境內，有許多面向皆有南北劃分的現象，且彼此互相影響，也讓桃園居民有了南北意識，此意識不斷影響著人們的想法和選擇，加深對於區域的認同感，使得南北區界愈發明顯。

This study aims to discuss the north-south divide in Taoyuan City from the perspective of new regional geography, addressing the religious, political, and educational impacts brought by a divided Taoyuan, and summarizing the influences of “north-south rivalry” on the residents of Taoyuan. Documentary analysis is adopted as the research method, by which documents and literature in relation to Taoyuan are dissected to discover the causes and impacts of the division of Taoyuan.Given that the “north-south rivalry” has been a long-standing issue in Taoyuan, the major cause of a divided Taoyuan can be derived from ethnicity. Taiwan under Qing rule saw a massive influx of Han Chinese migrants seeking cultivation on the island. Among them, the Hokkien people settled mainly in northern Taoyuan, whereas the Hakka people settled in southern Taoyuan. This “North-Hokkien and South-Hakka” pattern of settlement was revealed from a population census conducted under Japanese rule. As a result, in the subsequent reform of administrative divisions, Tōen, Chūreki and Daikei Districts were established according to such ethnic distribution. Taoyuan is now ethnically divided into northern and southern Taoyuan. Northern Taoyuan, with Taoyuan District as its center, consists of Bade, Dayuan, Daxi, Luzhu and Guishan Districts; southern Taoyuan, with Zhongli District as its center, consists of Pingzhen, Longtan, Yangmei, Xinwu and Guanyin Districts. This study examined the distribution of Tudigong (Earth God) and Bagong temples. Bagong is the name used by the Hakka people to refer to Tudigong. From such a difference in naming, it is observed that Bagong temples are mostly found in southern Taoyan, thus verifying the “north-Hokkien and south-Hakka” pattern in Taoyuan. North-south regionalization is also found in the distribution of Tudigong temples.The prominent north-south divide caused by the earlier Hokkien-Hakka armed conflicts and difference in ethnic identities is also shown in the political sphere of Taoyuan. Since the first magisterial election, an unwritten tradition of north-south rotation has been developed to balance the political power between the two ethnic groups and to avoid conflicts. Specifically, a candidate from a different region is elected as magistrate every two terms, and the magistrate and the speaker of the council are from different regions in order to achieve balance of development between the north and the south. This tradition has been around for over 50 years, thus lodging a north-south consciousness deeply in the people of Taoyuan.In the aspect of education, an investigation has been made on the geographic origin of the students enrolled at Taoyuan Municipal Taoyuan Senior High School (TYSH) and The Affiliated Zhongli Senior High School of National Central University (ZSHS) respectively due to the similarity in the admission scores of the two senior high schools. It is discovered that students at TYSH located in northern Taoyuan are mostly from northern Taoyuan, while students at ZSHS located in southern Taoyuan are largely from southern Taoyuan. This difference is associated with the division of Taoyuan’s transport network into north and south cores, which leads students into choosing their schools according to where they live and how accessible the schools are. In Taoyuan, the phenomenon of north-south divide can be seen in many aspects affecting each other, which has given the residents of Taoyuan a north-south consciousness that constantly influences their thoughts and choices, boosts their regional identities, and deepens such north-south divide.