戰後臺灣制憲運動──政治過程論之分析

Abstract

本文以「政治過程論」研究途徑，以實物分析法為主，參與觀察法及深度訪談法為輔，針對政治環境、推動主體、社會動能與運動結局四大面向，探討戰後各波臺灣制憲運動。本文發現從1945年至今，臺灣制憲運動出現四段浪潮，共有的特徵包含皆歷經「理念倡議」、「組織建立」、「憲草制定」等階段。

第一波臺灣制憲運動，從1945年至1987年，起源於二二八事件後，意欲擺脫中國威權殖民統治，強化臺灣獨立建國意向。第二波臺灣制憲運動，從1987年至2000年，起源於破除中國法統，並在民主轉型階段建立臺灣民主正當性。第三波臺灣制憲運動，從2000年至2014年，起源於抵抗中國武力威脅與重整國內政治版圖。第四波臺灣制憲運動，從2014年至今，起源於擺脫臺灣過度連結中國的政經結構。

本文總結前後四波臺灣制憲運動，歸納出「臺灣制憲生命週期模型」，週期因素在於憲政危機與制憲關聯，解釋臺灣制憲運動起伏週期循環與內外演化歷程。臺灣制憲運動出現的前提在於臺灣出現重大憲政危機，而此危機通常涉及憲政制度朝向中國憲政主義傾斜，意欲透過臺灣制憲運動，建立臺灣憲政主義。第二波與第四波臺灣制憲運動的驅動，更與學生運動的發生相契合。

雖然各波臺灣制憲運動並未一舉制定臺灣新憲法，但每一波運動幾乎都程度不等地衝擊既有憲政體制，而主政者在考量國際地緣與強權政治下，最終選擇以「局部修憲」溫和與漸進方式，回應、吸納、轉化與減壓臺灣制憲運動產生的能量。This paper employs a"Political Process Theory" research approach, with a primary focus on material analysis, supplemented by participant observation and in-depth interviews. It investigates movements for constitutional-making in postwar Taiwan from four perspectives: political environment, driving forces, societal dynamics, and movement outcomes.

The study identifies four waves of movements for constitutional-making in postwar Taiwan from 1945 to the present, each characterized by stages of "ideological advocacy,""organization establishment," and "constitution drafting."

The first wave, spanning from 1945 to 1987, originated after the 228 Incident, aiming to break free from authoritarian Chinese colonial rule and strengthen Taiwan's independence and nation-building intentions. The second wave, from 1987 to 2000, emerged to eliminate Chinese legal influence and establish Taiwan's democratic legitimacy during the democratic transition. The third wave, from 2000 to 2014, arose in response to Chinese military threats and the restructuring of the domestic political landscape. The fourth wave, from 2014 to the present, stems from the desire to disentangle Taiwan from excessive ties to China's political and economic structures.

The paper concludes by summarizing the four waves into the " Movements for Constitutional-Making in postwar Taiwan Life Cycle Model," attributing the cyclical factors to constitutional crises and their connection to constitutional processes. The premise for these movements lies in significant constitutional crises in Taiwan, typically involving a tilt towards Chinese constitutionalism. The study suggests that movements for constitutional-making in Taiwan aim to establish Taiwanese constitutionalism. The drivers of the second and fourth waves align closely with the occurrence of student movements.While each wave did not result in the immediate establishment of a new constitution, almost every movement impacted the existing constitutional system to varying degrees. In considering international geopolitics and authoritarian politics, authorities ultimately chose a "partial constitutional amendment" approach, responding to, absorbing, transforming, and relieving the energy generated by movements for constitutional-making in Taiwan.