歐洲文化首都之文化形象與歐洲認同:以格拉斯哥與利物浦為例
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2014
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首屆歐洲文化首都活動於1985年在希臘雅典舉辦至今，其程序及發展在這26年中幾經更迭，活動方針及選拔過程日漸繁複，由歐洲聯盟所提供的經費也逐漸提高，但是對於該活動所被賦予的形貌與意義卻顯得模糊，極其彈性的活動架構留下許多矛盾的議題。因此，本文的研究目的有以下四點：
一、收集分析國內外相關研究與文獻資料，耙梳歐洲文化首都、文化形象與歐洲認同之研究範疇，探討其研究議題內涵。
二、勾勒1990年格拉斯哥擔任歐洲文化城市以及2008年利物浦擔任歐洲文化首都，所呈現歐洲文化形象。
三、探究於兩屆活動中所體現之歐洲認同論述。
四、透過理論與個案研究之相互驗證，分析歐盟、會員國與城市於活動文化內涵之交互關係與影響，並理解文化形象與歐洲認同於活動文化面向之互動。
本研究以歐盟文化活動中歷史最悠久的歐洲文化首都活動作為研究對象，並選擇以1990年的歐洲文化城市格拉斯哥，與2008年的歐洲文化首都利物浦，進行個案研究。除了蒐集與分析相關文獻資料，架構出本研究理論脈絡，另外蒐集格拉斯哥與利物浦活動前、中、後的籌辦資料與報告等，進行整理、比較與探究。透過研究資料的分析，本研究試圖以「藝文」、「經濟」、「社會」與「政治」四項驅力來探討複雜文化形象的構面，進而勾勒出活動中的歐洲文化形象；並以歐洲認同的四種論述「共同歷史遺產」、「文化整合工程」、「政治結構歷程」以及「公民共同參與」，檢視活動中的歐洲認同層面，以及探討歐洲認同論述如何與活動形象相呼應的可能性。經過研究分析後，本研究歸納出以下三點結論：
一、四種形塑文化形象驅力都同時與歐盟、會員國與城市相關。然而，經濟與社會驅力影響承辦城市對於活動的構想與實踐；政治驅力較多見於歐盟與會員國的活動敘述中。藝文驅力一方面受到城市背景的影響，重視在地人文特色展現；另一方面鑒於歐洲文化首都活動的主題與精神，強調與歐洲或世界的藝術文化交流。此外，四項驅力特質間的重疊性，使其影響彼此滲透、互動、匯聚成整體歐洲文化形象。
二、歐洲認同的四種論述在歐洲文化首都的興辦歷程中都可以看見。經由政治結構歷程是否建立歐洲認同，主要視歐盟與會員國關係。而所謂的歐洲共同歷史遺產，已經在實務中被呈現為歐洲所有歷史遺產。文化整合工程以及公民共同參與所能夠產生或創造的歐洲認同的可能性，其實有限。然而，由於這項活動的長期舉辦，使得歐洲公眾有多次沉浸於歐洲主題文化活動的可能性，同時也是在歐洲不同的地理區域製造出對於共同活動的記憶，促使歐洲意識空間的擴展。
三、歐洲文化形象與認同論述互為表裡，四種歐洲認同論述透過四種文化形象驅力，形塑出歐洲文化首都活動之文化形象。文化整合工程的歐洲認同論述可以在經濟驅力中發現其表現性，藝文驅力則表達出共同歷史遺產的觀點，社會驅力呼應了公民共同參與，以及政治驅力實踐了政治結構歷程的歐洲認同論述。而四種驅力間其特質的滲透性，也證實四種歐洲認同論述在實務分析中交互重疊與影響的可能性。
The first European City of Culture took place at Athens, Greek in 1985. Until 2011, 44 European Cities have held the event and the competition for winning the title is intense among cities. During the 25 years, the procedures of holding the activity have been more detailed and complicated; however, the meanings of the title have been ambiguous, even ambivalent. There are four purposes of this study: 1. Collect and analyze the related studies and data. Investigate into the context of the related issues and set up the scope for this research. 2. Outline the European cultural image of Glasgow 1990 and Liverpool 2008. 3. Look into the statements of European identity emergent in the case studies. 4. Through the comparison of the analysis of the research review and of the case studies, figure out the interaction between cultural image and European identity. The study framework is build with the analysis and investigation of the related data and research. This study takes four drives, including economics, culture, society and politics, which shape the cultural images, to analyze the components of European Capital of Culture’s images. The four statements of European identity, including common historical heritage, cultural integrated development, political integrated development, and civic participation, would be used to look into the statements of European identity of European Capital of Culture. There are three findings: 1. The four drives are all related to the European Union, member states and cities. However, economic and social drives have more influences on the cities when they think about the blueprints and practices of the European Capital of Culture. The statements of European Union and member states are influenced more by political drive. The cultural drive could be found in two parts. One is local and the other is European or international. And some components of drives are fluxional, which explains the integrated parts of the image. 2. All four statements of European identity could be found in the procedures of European Capital of Culture. Whether the statement of political integrated development works depends on the relationship between European Union and member states. The common historical heritage in practice becomes all European historical heritages. The long-termed effects of European Capital of Culture make the statements of cultural integrated development and civic participation possible because of the common memory and the growth of European awareness. 3. The four statements of European identity are emergent in four drives of cultural images. The statement of cultural integrated development could be seen in the economical drive. The cultural drive expresses the points of common historical heritage. The social drive is respond to the statement of civic participation. The political drive puts the statement of political integrated development into practice. The fluxion of the components of drives explains the possibilities of these four statements which have influences on each other.
The first European City of Culture took place at Athens, Greek in 1985. Until 2011, 44 European Cities have held the event and the competition for winning the title is intense among cities. During the 25 years, the procedures of holding the activity have been more detailed and complicated; however, the meanings of the title have been ambiguous, even ambivalent. There are four purposes of this study: 1. Collect and analyze the related studies and data. Investigate into the context of the related issues and set up the scope for this research. 2. Outline the European cultural image of Glasgow 1990 and Liverpool 2008. 3. Look into the statements of European identity emergent in the case studies. 4. Through the comparison of the analysis of the research review and of the case studies, figure out the interaction between cultural image and European identity. The study framework is build with the analysis and investigation of the related data and research. This study takes four drives, including economics, culture, society and politics, which shape the cultural images, to analyze the components of European Capital of Culture’s images. The four statements of European identity, including common historical heritage, cultural integrated development, political integrated development, and civic participation, would be used to look into the statements of European identity of European Capital of Culture. There are three findings: 1. The four drives are all related to the European Union, member states and cities. However, economic and social drives have more influences on the cities when they think about the blueprints and practices of the European Capital of Culture. The statements of European Union and member states are influenced more by political drive. The cultural drive could be found in two parts. One is local and the other is European or international. And some components of drives are fluxional, which explains the integrated parts of the image. 2. All four statements of European identity could be found in the procedures of European Capital of Culture. Whether the statement of political integrated development works depends on the relationship between European Union and member states. The common historical heritage in practice becomes all European historical heritages. The long-termed effects of European Capital of Culture make the statements of cultural integrated development and civic participation possible because of the common memory and the growth of European awareness. 3. The four statements of European identity are emergent in four drives of cultural images. The statement of cultural integrated development could be seen in the economical drive. The cultural drive expresses the points of common historical heritage. The social drive is respond to the statement of civic participation. The political drive puts the statement of political integrated development into practice. The fluxion of the components of drives explains the possibilities of these four statements which have influences on each other.
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歐洲文化首都, 文化形象, 歐洲認同, 格拉斯哥, 利物浦, European Capital of Culture, cultural image, European identity, Glasgow, Liverpool