幼兒生活經驗敘說中內在狀態語言之研究：性別與社經階級的比較

Abstract

本論文旨在瞭解不同性別之中產及勞工階級幼兒在生活經驗敘說中內在狀態語言使用類別之差異情形，以24位5足歲之中產階級幼兒與24位5足歲之勞工階級幼兒為研究對象。本研究以個別訪談的方式蒐集幼兒在生氣、開心以及嚇一跳之生活經驗，每位幼兒共三則生活經驗的敘說。訪談過程中予以錄音，並以兒童語料交換系統(Child Language Data Exchange System, CHILDES)進行轉譯分析，接著參考Gearhart與Hall(1979)、Peterson與McCabe(1983)以及Howe、Rinaldi與Recchia(2010)對內在狀態語言之分類方法，將內在狀態語言分類為七種類別，並進行編碼。最後以描述統計、無母數統計考驗進行資料分析，研究結果如以下：

一、在性別變項方面發現，不同性別的幼兒在三則生活經驗的敘說中內在狀態語言的使用上並無顯著差異。

二、在階級變項方面發現：(一)中產階級幼兒在生氣及開心經驗中，較常使用「意圖」之內在狀態語言；(二)勞工階級幼兒在生氣經驗中，較常使用「知覺」之內在狀態語言；(三)勞工階級幼兒在開心經驗中，較常使用「生理」之內在狀態語言。

三、在性別及階級變項方面發現：中產階級男幼兒在開心經驗中，較常使用「意圖」之內在狀態語言。

最後針對以上結果對未來研究及幼兒父母及學校教師提出建議。This study aimed to understand how five-year-old middle- and working- class children of different genders used internal state languages in narrating three types of personal emotional experience: anger, happiness, surprise experience. Participants included 24 middle-class children and 24 working- class children. Interviews were conducted individually and audio-recorded. Transcripts were transcribed verbatim according to the rules of Child Language Data Exchange System(CHILDES). And 7 codes for analyzing internal state languages were developed from literatures and based on actual data for present study. The results of the present study were as follows:

1.In terms of gender variables, the results found out different genders of children’ internal state language use in three types of personal emotional experience made no significant difference.

2.In terms of social class variables: (1) Middle-class children used significantly more intention language in anger and happiness experience. (2)Working-class children used more perception language in anger experience. (3) Working-class children used significantly more physiology language in happiness experience.

3.In terms of gender and social class variables, the results found out middle-class male children used significantly more intention language in happiness experience.

Suggestions were made according to the results shown above for future studies, parents and teachers.