互聯網進入後的中國大陸政治媒介化研究

Abstract

在互聯網高度發達的今天，作為容量最大、速度最快的媒介，互聯網早已滲透至大眾的日常生活，幾乎完成了對社會、文化等各方面的中介，形成了獨特的、區別於傳統媒體的媒介邏輯。而用以探尋媒介介入並影響其他社會體制的「媒介化理論」，從問世至今也已滿十年，被傳播學者們廣泛應用於各個領域進行探討。但現有的研究大多都圍繞著資本主義制度的框架下展開，媒介化理論在中國大陸社會環境下的探討僅有極少部分。作為21世紀以來，互聯網產業增速最快、規模最大的國家，關於中國大陸媒介化的探討，尤其是對社會與制度層面影響的探討，應當被正視並發展。為了更好地理解中國大陸的互聯網發展，本研究採用方興東對互聯網發展階段的分類，分別將弱聯結階段、強聯結階段和超聯結階段與相關文獻進行互動，從技術、商業、制度社會文化四個面向，展開對中國互聯網發展史的還原與探討，作為研究互聯網對「政治媒介化」影響的基礎。隨後以2017年發起，至今仍未結束的「豫章書院案」這一「數字輿論運動」為例，開展個案分析，探尋依託互聯網展開的抗爭運動，如何以網民集結的方式形成一種初具政治功能的、與統治權力形成對抗的力量，並最終迫使政治邏輯在一定程度屈從於媒介邏輯。本研究帶著「新媒體在政治媒介化進程中發揮了的作用」與「新媒體發展帶來的政治媒介化在中國意味著什麼？」兩個問題展開思考。經由個案的分析後發現：新媒體在政治媒介化進程中，改變了資訊篩選管道，減少了政治干預，強化對政治領域的監督，並拓寬政治參與管道，助力圍觀式政治參與的形成；同時，新媒體發展帶來的政治媒介化，打破了「地方保護主義」對媒體監督權的扼殺，也增加了政府與民眾間的溝通，促進社會主義民主政治的發展。The Internet and the social media have already penetrated the daily life of the public. They mediated almost every aspect of society and culture, forming a unique media logic that is different from that of traditional media. It has been ten years since the mediatization theory was introduced, and it has been widely applied by communication scholars in various fields. However, most of the existing research has been conducted within the framework of capitalism, and only a little of it has been explored in the social background of mainland China. As the country with the fastest growing and largest Internet industry in the 21st century, the study of mediatization in mainland China, especially its impact at the social and institutional levels, should be taken seriously and developed.To better understand the development of the Internet in mainland China, this study adopts Fang Xingdong's classification of the stages of Internet development. According to Fang, the development of Chinese Internet went through three stages: the weak networked stage, the strong networked stage, and the hyper-networked stage. He further explores the history of the development of the Internet in China from four perspectives: technology, commerce, institutional, social-cultural, as a basis for studying the impact of the Internet on political mediatization. The current study examines the Yuzhang College case, a digital movement of opinion that commenced in 2017 and continues to this day. The Yuzhang College Incident represents an online campaign for justice led by Chinese netizens in response to schools catering to individuals with internet addiction. It serves as a platform for promoting traditional values and manners, challenging the negative portrayal of the internet, and vehemently opposing physical punishment, abuse, and discrimination against minors. As an embodiment of collective citizenry, internet public opinion possesses the potential to withstand the influence of established systems. It frequently assumes a significant role in shaping societal dynamics, compelling political and educational institutions, among others, to yield to the popular will, as exemplified by the Yuzhang College case.This study addresses two questions: 'What role has the new media played in the mediatization of politics' and 'What forms of mediatization of politics has resulted from China’s new media development?'An analysis of the cases shows that in the mediatization of politics, new media have changed the channels of information screening, reduced political interference, strengthened the supervision of the political sphere, and widened the channels of political participation, contributing to the formation of spectatorial political participation. At the same time, the mediatization of politics brought about by new media has broken the stranglehold of local protectionism on media supervision and enhanced communication between the government and the public, contributing to the development of socialist democracy.