Michael J. Sandel倫理思想及其德育意涵

Abstract

本研究主要探討政治哲學家Michael J. Sandel的德行論主張，Sandel批判了John Rwals視正義為首要德行的不恰當，認為正義是有條件的，只有在不正義充斥的情境中，正義才有其補救性功能，Sandel並以博愛的情性關懷取代正義的理性精神，以哲學人類學為思維進路，認為人類的本質是變動的，並透過不斷的認知與反思，進而發現了自我之界線，也就是「構成性自我」，而此自我具有道德獨特性，具有博愛之行動特質，Sandel並將此種「擴展了的愛」延伸至「構成性社群」的形成中，該社群具有關懷與自治的功能，能夠培養出良善的公民德行，追求良善的生活。 本研究對Sandel倫理思想做出如下的詮釋與批判：一、採取實質性的道德證成，而非自由主義者所採行之中立的「存而不論」。二、謹慎對待宗教上的道德觀念，卻未能找出論斷的標準。三、其變動的自我觀兼顧了社群之善與個人權利，並補充了義務論中先驗價值的不足。四、其倫理思想兼採博愛德行及自我治理的精神。五、其倫理思想有助於現時生活中德行的培養。而Sandel的倫理思想對台灣道德教育之啟示為：一、變動的自我觀是道德教學上的出發點，彌補了傳統道德教學的不足。二、社群之中博愛精神的展現是道德教育的核心，補充了傳統上全以理性為主的道德教育。三、對「情境教育」的重視不僅僅是塑造良善的道德環境而已，更是尊重個人權利與追求社群共善之間的辯證合。四、公民德行的培養是需要施教者以身作則，受教者從小養成、從內心出發，兩者相互配合才能完成。The main purpose of this study was to investigate political philosopher -Michael J. Sandel’s theory of virtue ethics. Sandel criticizes John Rwals’s view that justice as the first virtue is inadequate. Justice is conditional .Only when a situation filled with unjustice , justice will be a remedying function. Sandel replaces rational spirit of justice by affectional caring of philanthropy. He thinks by a way of philosophical anthropology. By constantly cognizing and reflecting, Sandel discovery the demarcation line of self. This is 「constitutive self」. Constitutive self is of moral particularity, and is of philanthropy in action. Sandel extends this 「enlarged affections」to community. Constitutive community is filled with caring and autonomy . Constitutive community can cultivate good virtue of citizens and pursue good life. The interpretation and critique of Sandel’s ethical thoughts are: 1. Adopting substantive justification of morality , not neutral bracketing. 2. Being careful to moral conceptions of religion , but it can’t find a standard for judging. 3.View of changing self can look after communal good and individual right , and supply the loss of prior value in the deontology. 4.Sandel’s ethical thoughts look after virtue of philanthropy and spirit of self¬-government. 5. Sandel’s ethical thoughts are good for cultivating virtues at present. The significance of Sandel’s ethical thoughts for moral education in Taiwan are：1. View of changing self is a starting point in moral instruction. 2. The emergence of spirit of philanthropy in community is a core conception of moral education. 3. Emphasizing situational education is not only molding good moral circumstances , but also looking after the respect ofindividual right and communal good. 4. Cultivating civic virtues needs teacher’s example , and students learn in the childhood and with heart.