正念為本的介入對優秀運動員低潮的影響

Abstract

本研究目的為探索優秀運動員的運動低潮歷程、走過低潮的成長，並發展一套以正念為本的心理介入策略，評估其對協助運動員度過低潮的有效性。研究主要分為兩個部分進行，第一個研究將依據紮根理論的資料收集與分析方式，透過半結構式的訪談，探索優秀運動員的運動低潮經驗、歷程、因應方式與走過低潮的成長。第二個研究擬根據研究一的發現與正念為本介入文獻的整理，設計一套以正念為本協助運動員度過低潮的心理介入並評估其有效性。結合詮釋現象學的分析方法與單一受試者A-B-A研究設計，以介入前後的質性訪談、參與者的運動低潮介入反思記錄、加上問卷與運動表現成績，探索此正念運動低潮心理介入策略如何影響處於低潮的運動員與其是否能有效地協助運動員走出低潮。針對7位運動員進行運動低潮訪談與1位高爾夫運動員進行正念運動低潮介入，結果發現運動低潮的形成包括五個面向：(一)高自我要求且防衛的人格特質、(二)不預期的優異成績表現、(三)對結果的過度重視、(四)缺乏如何有效提升表現的策略與(五)自我懷疑。受到特定人格特質與不預期的成功影響，運動員對運動結果過度重視，當缺乏具體改善表現方案，運動員開始產生自我懷疑，隨著時間的推演，運動員帶著對抗著自我懷疑而努力著，因而陷入負面表現漩渦中，呈現出孤立、無助的狀態，唯有當壓力狀態的解除，運動員的情緒慢慢回穩，才能重新聚焦於過程去努力，走出低潮。正念運動低潮介入對於運動表現、自我覺察、情緒調節與注意力控制皆有正面效果，對於自我接納與肯定具有介入效果，維持效果不顯著。運動員表示此介入課程協助自己提高覺察並能轉移注意力，不被情緒、想法影響，而這樣的能力藉由降低負面情緒與想法對自我的干擾，進而對於運動表現有幫助。本研究建構優秀運動員的運動低潮成因與樣貌，並發展有效的運動低潮介入策略，協助運動員更有效率地走出低潮，並從低潮中成長，在其運動領域中發光發熱。The purpose of this research was to explore the slump process and the post-slump growth of elite athletes, and to develop effective mindfulness-based intervention to help them outgrow the slump. The research consists two parts. Study one adapted grounded theory to explore the performance slump process of elite athletes: their experience, coping strategies and post-slump growth. Study two developed a mindfulness-based slump intervention based on the findings from research one. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and interpretive phenomenological analysis and singe case A-B-A research design were adopted to explore their intervention experience and the effectiveness of the intervention. After interviewing 7 athletes with performance slump and conducting intervention toward a golfer, we had the following findings: 1. Performance slump is a process initiated by the increasing emphasis on the results, frustrating results and self doubts and interacted with certain personality characteristics; 2. Performace slump cycle consisits of self-doutbs, efforts to prove onself, frustrating results and insolatoin/helpless situationl; 3. Recovery of performance slump includes the following process: relief of stress, social connection, emotion stability, and refocus on the tasks. And the mindfulness program was proved to be effective on performance, self-awareness, emotion regulation and attention control. The participant stated how the program benefis his performance via the improvement of self-awareness and the ability to stay neutral to negative emotions and thoughts. Through the research, we advanced the knowledge in the performance slump and developed an effective mindfulness-based intervention to help athletes grow from performance slump.