漢語「因為」在主語前後對其呼應詞語之篇章制約及教學啟示

Abstract

本研究以Halliday三大語言純理功能中篇章（textual）功能作為分析基礎，輔以真實語料之佐證，對現代漢語連詞「因為」與主語及其後子句連接性成分隱現之互動關係進行討論，並依研究結果提出教學啟示。本研究之研究基礎主要為臺灣語料庫中的304筆書面語料、100筆口語語料，共404筆語料。檢視並分析語料後，本研究有以下幾點發現。

首先，在前分句主語位置方面，若前分句主語置於「因為」之後，後分句傾向使用連接性成分以銜接上下文；若前分句主語在「因為」之前，由於以名詞及零代詞銜接篇章，故傾向省略後分句連接性詞語。在前、後分句主語異同方面，上述無標用法不受前、後主語異同之影響，且前、後分句主語相同時，後分句之連接性成分不能省略。

其次，在體裁方面，其主、客觀性對上述無標用法並無顯著影響。然而，若前、後分句主語相異，相異的前、後主語對比能區隔因、果，因此主觀論理的論說體裁較客觀紀錄的記敘體裁更傾向省略後分句的連接性詞語。選用後分句連接性詞語時，「所以」的使用頻率最高，體裁差異並不造成顯著影響。

最後，在語體方面，其正式程度對上述無標用法的影響並不明顯。然而，若前分句主語置於「因為」之前，口語語體較書面語體更常於後分句使用連接性詞語，藉以界定因果關係。若前、後分句主語相異，書面語體省略後分句連接性成分的比例將提高。口語較書面語體更常使用「所以」做為後分句之連接性詞語。

由研究結果可知，主語置於「因為」之後，並有連接性詞語連接後分句為無標用法。因此本研究建議教學上應以此為優先，主語置於「因為」之前且省略後分句連接性詞語次之，最後才為後分句連接性成分必要性之判斷。This research analyzes Halliday's textual function of language, examining the use of the Mandarin conjunction “Yinwei” in relation with the subject of the clause and its subordinate connectors, concluding by using the results to propose suggestions for future Chinese language education. Empirical data was collected from a variety of corpora based in Taiwan, with 304 instances of written and 100 instances of spoken Mandarin, for a total of 404 pieces of data.

With regard to the position of the subject in the antecedent, when positioned after "Yinwei", the following echoing connector tended to be used to link the antecedent and postcedent. On the other hand, if appearing after the use of "Yinwei ", the echoing connectors tended to be omitted, with nouns or null subjects used instead. In regard to differences and similarities between the antecedent and postcedent, the use of the null subjects was not influenced by the subject. Moreover, when the subject of the antecedent and postcedent was the same, the use of an echoing connector to link the postcedent was never omitted.

In terms of textual genre, the subjectivity or objectivity of the text had no influence on theuse of null subjects; however, in cases where the postcedent subject differed from that of the antecedent, comparison revealed a cause-and-effect relationship between the two subjects. Hence, when compared to objective narration, the textual genre of subjective discourse showed higher instances of omitting conjunctive phrases between clauses.

Finally, stylistically, the level of formality had no clear influence on the usage of null subjects. However, when the antecedent subject appeared before “Yinwei”, conjunctive phrases appeared more in spoken data when compared with written data, creating a cause-and-effect relationship. When the subject of both clauses differed, the tendency for written language to contain conjunctive phrases increased. Spoken data, when compared to written data, also showed a greater tendency to employ the conjunction “Suoyi”.

Results reveal that when the subject is placed after “Yinwei”, and the sentence uses a conjunctive phrase to link the antecedent and postcedent, the subject will be a null subject. Based on these results, this author suggests Chinese language education put an emphasis on teaching the above structure first, afterwards introducing instances in which the subject appears before “Yinwei”, omitting a conjunctive phrase, and finally teaching the overarching principles of conjunctive phrases in linking the antecedent and postcedent.