Maslow需求層次改變歷程之研究
Abstract
本研究的目的在於以Maslow需求層次論為基礎，透過了解不同需求層次成年人需求變化的歷程，探討需求變化之影響因素、改變路徑，建構需求改變歷程模式，並藉由了解高峰經驗對需求之後效，確認需求的不同改變機制。本研究透過紮根理論研究方法，訪談十六位成年人需求改變經驗並對訪談逐字稿進行分析，根據研究結果得出下列結論：一、本研究研究參與者之生理需求趨於滿足，健康型自我實現需求涵括社會取向和個人取向，超越型自我實現需求內涵較為歧異。本研究另發現「跨性別需求」、「變動需求」二種其他需求，但均非研究參與者共有之基本需求。二、在需求層次變化上，本研究發現需求出現時間按階層有先後差異，需求相互重疊，需求變化順序大致如Maslow所說「由低往高變動」，但其變動順序並非按六階層次序更迭，而是跳往當時情境中最迫切需要的需求。三、本研究發現四十三個需求改變影響因子，分別隸屬於個別因素、系統因素、存有因素，共同交互作用決定需求改變路徑。四、本研究發現十四條需求改變路徑，除了過去文獻提及之需求量的改變、需求滿足量的改變之外，還包括需求內涵質的改變。五、需求改變後，個人主體性反應包括「接納」、「尋求滿足」、「忽略」三種。六、需求滿足之後效在不同滿足程度有所差異。當需求較原先滿足但尚未達到足夠滿足時，個人體驗到滿足經驗而開始追求此需求滿足，需求較原先擴大；當需求達到相對滿足或個人對需求滿足有所把握，個人不再需要將注意力集中在此需求，需求反而縮小。七、需求改變歷程模式是個人與需求改變影響因素交互作用之動態歷程。需求改變影響因素使個人需求層次往十四條需求改變路徑產生改變；個人又對改變後的需求狀態做出「維持不變」、「尋求滿足」、「忽略」三種主體性反應，其反應與需求改變因素交互作用產生下一次的需求改變刺激，如此循環不已。八、高峰經驗是需求改變影響因子「超越經驗」之一部分。個人經驗高峰經驗之後效包括「更有信心，對未知不擔心」、「感覺被愛與疼惜」、「與世界相連，不孤單」、「感覺平安」、「較能接納自己與他人」、「生理狀況變好」、「外在形象改變」、「更謙卑臣服」、「事情解決」、「願意愛人」、「覺察內在覺受，處在當下」、「更能放下不執著」、「害怕抗拒」十三種。換言之，高峰經驗能對生理需求、安全需求、愛與歸屬需求產生正面效應。但若研究參與者在經驗高峰經驗時自我與世界未完全融合，其價值觀會影響個人看待高峰經驗，當其對高峰經驗抱持負面看法，高峰經驗便對需求產生負面影響。九、研究參與者經驗高峰經驗後產生「需求滿足產生改變」、「超越需求產生改變」兩種改變機制，其中以「需求滿足產生改變」占多數。
The purpose of this study is to investigate changes of adults’ need based on the need hierarchy theory proposed by Maslow. Discussions focused on influential factors and alteration progress of needs. It is anticipated to understand various alternation mechanism and aftereffects of peak experience. Grounded theory is adopted in this study. Sixteen adult participants are interviewed about their need alternation and the transcripts of conversation recording from them are analyzed. Conclusions are made as follow: 1. Physical need of participants close to fully-satisfied. Healthy self-actualization need includes both societal and personal orientation. Contents of transcending self-actualization need are varied. Two other needs are discovered in this study, which includes trans-gender need and change need. However, both these two discovered needs are not meeting basic needs of participants. 2. In the aspect of need hierarchy alternation, this study discovered the sequence of need by hierarchy. Needs are overlapped, and alternation sequence develops broadly “from lower to higher level” in accordance with Maslow’s proclaim, while the sequence is not developed following six levels. The need is developed into the one which is urgently need under certain circumstance. 3. This study discovered 43 influential factors, which belong respectively to individual factor, system factor and being factor. Interactions among these factors determine the path of need’s alternation. 4. 14 paths of need’s alternation are found in this study. In addition to the quantity alternation of needs and satisfaction mentioned in past literature, quality alternation also take place among these paths. 5. When one need is altered, reactions of individuals include “accept”, “satisfaction request” and “ignore”. 6. When need is met, differences exist among satisfaction levels. When satisfaction is met partially but not fully, sense of satisfaction is experienced personally. Individuals will chase after such sense and the needs are extended. When the need is comparatively satisfied, an individual no longer needs to focus on such need, and the need is decreased. 7. The model of mobile need alternation progress is interlaced by individual and need alternation factors. Influential factors persuade individual needs change into 14 paths. Reactions are made by one individual including “remained unchanged”, “satisfaction seeking” and “ignore”. Interactions between reactions and need alternations produce next impulse for need alternation as a cycle. 8. Peak experience is partial to need alternation factor: transcendental experience. 13 aftereffects of personal peak experience include: with more confidence, and feel free to unknown things, feel like being loved and cherished, connected with the world, feel safe, more will to accept oneself and others, better physical condition, alternation of exterior image, be more modest and obedient, solve issues, be willing to love, feel and live in the present, more will to let go, and afraid or resist. In other words, peak experience can post positive effects on physical, safety and love and belongingness needs. But if one individual can not fully combine self and the world during peak experience, his value will influence the viewpoint toward it. When an individual hold negative perspective to peak experience, negative influence will be posted on it. 9. Two mechanisms are created when participants’ peak experience is formed: alternations on need satisfaction and transcending need. In these two, alternation of needs satisfaction takes the major part.
The purpose of this study is to investigate changes of adults’ need based on the need hierarchy theory proposed by Maslow. Discussions focused on influential factors and alteration progress of needs. It is anticipated to understand various alternation mechanism and aftereffects of peak experience. Grounded theory is adopted in this study. Sixteen adult participants are interviewed about their need alternation and the transcripts of conversation recording from them are analyzed. Conclusions are made as follow: 1. Physical need of participants close to fully-satisfied. Healthy self-actualization need includes both societal and personal orientation. Contents of transcending self-actualization need are varied. Two other needs are discovered in this study, which includes trans-gender need and change need. However, both these two discovered needs are not meeting basic needs of participants. 2. In the aspect of need hierarchy alternation, this study discovered the sequence of need by hierarchy. Needs are overlapped, and alternation sequence develops broadly “from lower to higher level” in accordance with Maslow’s proclaim, while the sequence is not developed following six levels. The need is developed into the one which is urgently need under certain circumstance. 3. This study discovered 43 influential factors, which belong respectively to individual factor, system factor and being factor. Interactions among these factors determine the path of need’s alternation. 4. 14 paths of need’s alternation are found in this study. In addition to the quantity alternation of needs and satisfaction mentioned in past literature, quality alternation also take place among these paths. 5. When one need is altered, reactions of individuals include “accept”, “satisfaction request” and “ignore”. 6. When need is met, differences exist among satisfaction levels. When satisfaction is met partially but not fully, sense of satisfaction is experienced personally. Individuals will chase after such sense and the needs are extended. When the need is comparatively satisfied, an individual no longer needs to focus on such need, and the need is decreased. 7. The model of mobile need alternation progress is interlaced by individual and need alternation factors. Influential factors persuade individual needs change into 14 paths. Reactions are made by one individual including “remained unchanged”, “satisfaction seeking” and “ignore”. Interactions between reactions and need alternations produce next impulse for need alternation as a cycle. 8. Peak experience is partial to need alternation factor: transcendental experience. 13 aftereffects of personal peak experience include: with more confidence, and feel free to unknown things, feel like being loved and cherished, connected with the world, feel safe, more will to accept oneself and others, better physical condition, alternation of exterior image, be more modest and obedient, solve issues, be willing to love, feel and live in the present, more will to let go, and afraid or resist. In other words, peak experience can post positive effects on physical, safety and love and belongingness needs. But if one individual can not fully combine self and the world during peak experience, his value will influence the viewpoint toward it. When an individual hold negative perspective to peak experience, negative influence will be posted on it. 9. Two mechanisms are created when participants’ peak experience is formed: alternations on need satisfaction and transcending need. In these two, alternation of needs satisfaction takes the major part.
Description
Keywords
Maslow, 需求, 高峰經驗, Maslow, need, peak experience