幼兒的延宕滿足表現與奮力控制能力的關聯

Abstract

本研究旨在探討臺灣幼兒的延宕滿足實驗表現與奮力控制能力之關聯，以及不同性別與家庭社經地位幼兒的延宕滿足實驗表現與奮力控制能力之差異。研究以「兒童行為量表-短版」（Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form, CBQ-SF）的奮力控制分量表與「延宕滿足實驗」作為研究工具，並以臺北市及新北市四所非營利幼兒園 37位三歲幼兒為研究對象。在37位受試幼兒當中，男生有18位（48.6%），女生有19位（51.4%），平均年齡為44個月。高社經17位（48.6%），中社經有13位（35.1%），低社經7位（18.9%）。透過SPSS23.0的統計分析，平均數、標準差以及無母數本相依樣本差異性檢定、無母數本獨立樣本差異性檢定、無母數相關檢定結果，本研究的發現如下： 一、約有三成的三歲受試幼兒可以做到兩分鐘的克制，成功完成延宕滿足實驗。他們外顯的抑制行為多為「把頭轉開不看米果」、「踢腳」。 二、受試幼兒在研究者陪同的情境下，較能持守規則。 三、受試幼兒的奮力控制面向，注意力集中的得分最低，提醒我們對年幼兒童培養其專注、練習注意力集中是一件重要的事。 四、不同性別的受試幼兒在延宕滿足實驗中的表現及奮力控制能力並無顯著差異。 五、不同家庭社經地位的受試幼兒在延宕滿足實驗中的表現及奮力控制能力並無顯著差異。 六、受試幼兒的延宕滿足得分與抑制的持續時間，均與奮力控制的四個分向度-注意力集中、知覺敏感度、抑制控制、低度愉悅感有顯著的相關。延宕滿足實驗適合操作界定奮力控制。The purpose of this study was to explore the association between the delay of gratification test performance and effortful control among Taiwanese preschoolers and the differences in the delay of gratification test performance and effortful control among preschoolers of different genders and family socioeconomic status. The study used the Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (CBQ-SF)- Effortful Control subscale and the Delay of Gratification Experiment as the instruments, and 37 three-year-old preschoolers from four non-profit preschools in Taipei City and New Taipei City as the subjects. Among the 37 young children, 18 (48.6%) were boys and 19 (51.4%) were girls, with an average age of 44 months. Among these subjects, 17 (48.6%) preschoolers were from families of high socioeconomic status, 13 (35.1%) were from medium socioeconomic status, and 7 (18.9%) were from families of low socioeconomic status. Through the statistical analysis of SPSS 23.0, according to the mean, standard deviation, and nonparametric independent sample test, nonparametric dependent sample test, and nonparametric correlation test, the findings of this study are as follows:(1) About 30% of the 3-year-old subjects successfully completed the delay of gratification experiment by restraining themselves for 2 minutes. Their apparent inhibitory behaviors were mostly"turning their heads away from the cookies" and "kicking their feet". (2) The subjects were more able to follow the rules when accompanied by an researcher. (3) The lowest scores were obtained for attentional focusing in the effortful control aspect, which reminded us that it is important for preschoolers to develop their attention and practice concentration. (4) There was no significant difference in the performance and effort control of the delay of gratification experiment between the genders. (5) There was no significant difference in the performance and effort control of preschoolers with different socioeconomic statuses in the delay of gratification experiment. (6) The delay of gratification scores and the duration of inhibition were significantly related to the four sub-dimensions of effortful control –attentional focusing, perceptual sensitivity, inhibitory control, and low intensity pleasure. The delay of gratification experiment is suitable for operationalizing to define effortful control.