德國純素文化發展的現況-以柏林為例

Abstract

在現代社會，純素或素食並不是一個新概念，純素主義不僅限於植物性飲食習慣，而是延伸至零殘忍的生活方式，同時也代表他們對動物權益、環境和道德議題的關注。純素者會放棄所有與動物有關的食物和商品，包括乳製品和動物實驗產品，而這趨勢在全球迅速蔓延，也使越來越多人轉為純素。德國有着深厚而悠久的歷史，除了第二次世界大戰的這些陰暗背景，香腸和豬腳這些食物也是德國飲食的標誌，其刻板印象與肉食文化和產業早已密不可分。相反，柏林作為德國的首都有着多元文化背景和重要的政治地位，而鮮為人知的是柏林同時被譽為歐洲純素之都，這表示它為人們在純素生活的實踐上定必作出了不少貢獻。由此可見，德國傳統飲食文化與其素食氛圍以及柏林的純素形象之間存在著巨大的落差。本論文將探討德國飲食文化和生活上從肉食主義到純素主義的轉變和發展，藉此研究其巨大的文化差異，當中將由歷史、政治、商業和社會角度分析其純素發展進程，同時亦會探討在工業化畜牧業中動物飼養的道德問題。再者，柏林將為本文的案例研究，重點討論柏林的純素餐飲、活動、社群和零售活動，藉此提供一個更具體的意像來解釋以植物為基礎的狀態，用以找出純素發展的關鍵。Veganism or vegetarianism are not new concepts in modern society. Veganism is not just limited to a plant-based eating habit. It expands to a cruelty-free human daily lifestyle and represents attention to animal rights, environment and morality. Vegans abandon all forms of commodities and food which are related to animals, including dairy and products with animal testing. This trend has been rapidly spreading around the globe and causing more and more people to go vegan.Germany is a country with a rich and long history. Apart from the dark historical background of the Second World War, Germany is also famous for sausages and knuckles, part of its iconic food. The profound stereotype and impression of Germany have been deeply linked with carnivorous culture and the meat industry. On the contrary, Berlin is the capital city of Germany with a multicultural background and significant political state but was named the vegan capital of Europe simultaneously and obscurely. This title shows that Berlin must have contributed a lot to people obtaining a vegan life. There is a gigantic contrast between the traditional German food culture and the vegan atmosphere in Germany and the vegan image of Berlin.To study the huge cultural contradiction, the changes and development of the food culture and habits, from omnivorous to vegan, in Germany are discussed in this dissertation. Historical, political, commercial and social angles are used to analyse its vegan progress. It is also very crucial to discuss the moral problem of animal husbandry in factory farming. In addition, a case study of Berlin is included which focuses on vegan catering, events, communities and retail. A more detailed picture to explain the plant-based situation is provided, in order to find out the elements of vegan development.