日語母語者習得華語未完成貌標誌「在」與「著」之研究

Abstract

本研究旨在探討以華語為第二語言的日語母語者學習華語未完成貌標誌「在」與「著」之二語習得。根據動貌假說的相關性預測，學習者在習得第二語言未完成貌標誌的早期階段，傾向將未完成貌標誌與活動動詞相關聯，而依據動貌假說的發展性預測，學習者在後期階段，會將未完成貌標誌與動詞的相關聯延伸至有界動詞與狀態動詞。情狀體假說在許多歐洲語言中得到了廣泛的驗證，然而此類研究在中文領域則相對較少，更是缺乏以日語母語者為受測對象之研究。故本研究以檢驗該假說的兩個假設性預測為目的，探討日語母語者對中文未完成貌標誌「在」與「著」之第二語言習得是否符合動貌假說的預測，並了解日語母語者習得「在」與「著」的學習困難，探究母語轉移與語言程度效應在日語母語者習得中文未完成貌標誌中所扮演的角色。總共有六十位日語母語者參與了本研究的文法判斷測驗，受試者依據中文程度分成了兩組實驗組，另外亦含由三十位中文母語人士組成的對照組。本研究發現，日語母語者對中文未完成貌標誌「在」與「著」之習得結果不完全符合動貌假說的相關性預測，亦不完全支持該假說的發展性預測，根據研究結果表示，日語母語者對中文未完成貌標誌「在」與「著」之習得受到母語轉移、第二語言複雜度及語言程度效應等因素所影響。

The present study aims to investigate the L2 acquisition of Mandarin imperfective markers zai and -zhe by L1 Japanese speakers. According to theAssociation Prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis, L2 learners tend to associate the imperfective markers strongly with activity verbs in the early stage of acquisition; on the other hand, the Developmental Prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis predicts that as learners’ proficiency increases, they will spread the use of the imperfective markers from activity verbs to telic verbs and stative verbs. Although the Aspect hypothesis has been tested and supported in many studies on the L2 acquisition of European languages (e.g., Robison 1990, 1995, Bardovi- Harlig 1992, 1998, Bardovi-Harlig& Reynolds 1995, Giacalone-Ramat 1995, Bardovi-Harlig & Bergström 1996, Rohde 1996, Tickoo 1996, Li & Shirai 2000, Housen 2002), it has not been extensively investigated in the acquisition of Mandarin and little attention has been paid to test the hypothesis on the acquisition of Mandarin by L1 Japanese speakers. Therefore, the present study fills the gap by investigating whether the acquisition of Mandarin imperfective markers zai and -zhe by Japanese speakers adheres to the predictions of theAspect Hypothesis. The study also attempts to find out what kind of learning difficulties Japanese learners would encounter and explores the effects of L1 transfer and L2 proficiency on the acquisition of Mandarin zai and -zhe. Sixty Japanese speakers, who were divided into mid-level group and high-level group according to their Mandarin proficiency, together with thirty Mandarin controls were recruited to complete grammaticality judgment tasks. The study found that Japanese learners’ acquisition of imperfective markers zai and -zhe does not fully support the Association Prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis, nor do the findings fully adhere to the Developmental Prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis. The results indicate that Japanese learners’ acquisition of Mandarin imperfective markers zai and -zhe was affected by L1 knowledge, L2 complexity and L2 proficiency.