資源重置下的地景變遷—以新社地區為案例研究（1730’s-2010）

Abstract

本文以政治生態學為研究途徑，將地景作為研究對象，企圖說明在新社地區的自然環境長期大致不變的情況底下，把新社放置於臺灣對外市場與國家政策轉變的脈絡中，其外部的經濟與政治環境如何影響新社地區的地景形塑與變遷。本文利用新社地景變遷為個案，闡述國家、地方人群與自然環境的互動關係。 本研究將地景區分為生產地景與文化地景，前者指標為土地利用，後者指標為聚落型態與分布，以及祭祀圈。 生產地景方面，高位河階的自然環境由於取水不便，清代農業墾殖成果有限。日治時期在國家介入土地資源與水資源的分配下，本區域形成以蔗苗養成所為中心，生產地景的翻轉。戰後由於臺灣經濟結構的轉型，加上陽明山計畫的實施，本地區土地資源再度產生改變，其生產地景再次轉變。本研究指出，在資源與生產地景形塑的關係方面，地景的形塑以土地資源所有者為主要控制因素，水資源的利用方式為輔助因素。意即，地權決定地景的主要型態，而水資源則為地景變遷埋下轉變的機會。 文化地景方面，國家政策促使本區域產生多個移民村地景。土地資源所有者決定聚落發生地，而他們所具備的文化背景決定則建築的型態。水資源的改善則擴大聚落規模，並使游移不定的信仰得以故著形成寺廟地景。聚落規模的改變也導致連庄祭祀圈更加擴大或縮小。 地景變遷方面，即使新社地區的土地資源分配經歷大幅度轉變，仍有部分過去的地景殘存於地表，形成一地的地景係由數個歷史時代拼接而成的結果。另一方面，留存下來的地景本身也隨時間不斷的反覆修改，形成一個地景身上掛滿多個時代的元素。最後，新時代的地景亦在前一時代的地景成果上，加以改造而成，這種不同時間的地景層層覆蓋於地表上的現象，與Derwent Whittlesey的次第佔居（Sequent Occupance）概念相呼應。 總結來說，本研究以新社地區的地景為案例研究，利用政治生態學作為地景變遷的解釋，說明啟動本區域新一階段地景的關鍵在於水資源與土地資源分配的改變，當資源分配改變時，促使本區域的生產地景產生變遷，同時使文化地景再次重構。

This study using the concept of Political Ecology to explore how the formation and transformation of landscape in Xinshe , in the context of the transformation of Taiwan outer market and policy. This study point out the interaction of Nation, local people and natural environment. In this study, landscape would be two category, productive landscape and cultural landscape. Productive landscape is land use, and cultural landscape is type of buildings, settlement distribution and religious sphere. In the aspect of productive landscape, because river terrace was short of water, the agriculture is not very good in Qing. The governments change the distribution of land resource and water resource under Japan governance. In post-war Taiwan, because of the transformation of Taiwan economy construction and the practice of Yang Ming Shan Plan（陽明山計畫）, the landscape have changed. My study point out that, the formation of landscape is first decided by land owner, secondly, by water source. In the aspect of cultural landscape, policy makes many immigrant villages in this area. Land owners decide where the settlement was, and their culture decides what the building type. The improvement of water resource can enlarge settlement size. And then, the change of settlement size would make religious sphere enlarge or shrink. In the aspect of landscape transformation, even though there was a lot of change in the distribution of land resource, many of past landscape remain being. On the other side, the remain landscape was rewrite for many times. Therefore, a landscape has many elements of past. Last, the newer landscape is transformed by older landscape, it conform to the concept of Derwent Whittlesey’s Sequent Occupance. To sum up, this study use Political Ecology to explore that the beginning of new landscape ecology is the transformation of land resource and water resource. When resource distribution changed, productive landscape would be change, and cultural landscape would be reconstructed.