馬類成語的隱喻、文化和兩岸語言現象研究

Abstract

成語在口說和書面中使用廣泛，其中動物成語具有豐富的隱喻意涵，可以觀察到比喻的手法，因此常作為成語教學的內容，然而，動物成語在兩岸的語境中存在使用上的差異，可能影響理解成語，此外，動物成語中又以馬類成語在語料庫的所占筆數最多，顯示華人的生活與馬息息相關，故本研究以馬類成語為研究對象，探討馬類成語的隱喻運作、文化意象以及兩岸語境的使用現象，以期有益於教學。首先，從臺灣《成語典》篩選出符合本研究的馬類成語，接著，為了從客觀的角度分析成語的實際情況，以中央研究院平衡語料庫和北京語言大學語料庫作為語料來源，從語義分析探討隱喻的基本義，並運用概念隱喻理論分析隱喻運作的情形，探討馬類成語的概念隱喻和文化意象，再進行語境主題分析以探究兩岸語境的差異。本研究先對成語的基本義進行基礎的分析，再以此為基礎進行隱喻分析，並歸納、整理出馬類成語的概念隱喻，進而探究文化意象，此外，再分析兩岸語境的主題以探討成語在兩岸語境的語言現象。研究結果發現，馬類成語藉由子隱喻互相支持，構成兩大概念隱喻：一為「人是馬」，二為「做事態度是人對馬施予的行為」，在文化意象上，馬具有正向的形象，是推動時代變化、環境更迭的動物。在兩岸馬類成語的使用上，隱喻運作差異造成兩岸部分的成語具有不同的義項，或是偏好提取特定的概念；在語法功能上，大陸的語法功能多元，出現與臺灣相異的用法，此外，在語境主題上，大陸經常在經濟、內政、商管領域使用常用馬類成語，重視馬類成語正向的寓意，臺灣則主要在經濟、內政、生活等領域使用成語，在感情色彩上較無特定偏好。The present study aims to explore the metaphorical mechanism, cultural imagery, and different usage of the horse idioms between Taiwan and mainland China. All the data are collected from the “Dictionary of Chinese Idioms” of Taiwan. Sinica Corpus of Taiwan and BCC from mainland China are also used as sources to explore the linguistic phenomena in the cross-strait area. For data analysis, the study opts the Conceptual Theory of Metaphor as the theoretical framework to analyze how the metaphorical mechanism and cultural imagery jointly contribute to the various use of horse idioms in the cross-strait area.This study first examines the semantic of the idioms, then conducts the metaphor analysis and the theme-based analysis of the context. The findings of the research suggest that horse idioms are derived from two conceptual metaphors: “PEOPLE IS HORSE” and “ATTITUDE TO DO THINGS IS THE BEHAVIOR OF MAN TO A HORSE.” In terms of cultural imagery, the horse is an animal that facilitates changes in times as well as changes in the environment. It was also found that Taiwan and mainland China idioms present respective semantic features and metaphoric concept preferences. In terms of context, horse idioms in mainland China are often used in the fields of economy,and domestic affairs. The positive meaning of idioms is strongly emphasized. In contrast, horse idioms in Taiwan are mainly used in economics, domestic affairs, and everyday life. The emotional coloring is not as much emphasized as that in mainland China. In summary, this study explores the cultural imagery of horse idioms and shows the importance of authentic context to interpret idioms.