認同被摒棄者：透過斯拉沃熱．紀傑克與哈瑞伊．坤祖魯閱讀全球資本主義

Abstract

在冷戰過後的今天，進入全球化經濟、民主的時代，使得大部分國家在冷戰過後迅速成為全球資本主義國家。但隨之而來的卻是全球金融危機與問題的反覆出現。因此，為了反思檢討這些不斷糾纏的危機，筆者透過紀傑克 (Slavoj Žižek) 的心理分析理論來分析哈瑞伊．坤祖魯 (Hari Kunzru) 所寫的小說：分別是《模仿者》、《失控》及《我的革命》。在坤祖魯這三本小說中，主角均游移在資本主義的文化與機制中掙扎，就如同紀傑克認為在全球資本主義下，大眾因循著意識形態想像 (ideological fantasies)，追求自己生命的夢想。除了透過小說呈現資本主義對一般人潛移默化地控制外，筆者更進一步企圖討論在資本主義剝削與壓迫下被排除在外的「被摒棄者」(the outcast)。在這些小說中，坤祖魯描繪了個人對全球資本主義意識形態幻想的依賴、頓悟與抵抗。他的小說讓我們有機會反省並思考取代全球資本主義的可能性。 透過紀傑克對全球資本主義的見解，筆者期盼能提供閱讀坤祖魯小說的新見解。除此之外，筆者會在最後章節中討論美國華爾街佔領運動與台灣的太陽花運動，筆者認為透過這些運動讓大眾有機會去重新審視全球資本主義，反省全球資本主義結構性的弊病，並提出取代、改變、抵抗全球資本主義的可能性思維。筆者認為，當主體認同並關心被全球資本主義排除在外的「被摒棄者」時，才有可能跳脫全球資本主義意識形態想像的箝制，也較能進一步抵抗並改變全球資本主義剝削並壓迫的基本架構，進而防止全球毀滅性的經濟危機再次發生，避免跨國企業進行全球性的經濟掠奪，減少「被摒棄者」的出現。In recent decades we have witnessed the absolute victory of the democratic, capitalist Western Bloc. This victory has led to the hegemony and worldwide implementation of the system of global capitalism. When crises have occurred, such as the global financial crisis in 2008, the answer has only been more capitalism. To uncover the root of the problems with global capitalism, this dissertation sets out to apply Žižekian theories on global capitalism to a critical reading of the novels of the British writer Hari Kunzru. It focuses on Kunzru’s accounts of characters who struggle to find their desired positions and identities in the ideological fantasies of capitalist cultures and institutions – accounts which resonate with Žižek’s ideas about how the public has been influenced and controlled and how the outcasts are expelled from the interpellation of global capitalism. In each of these novels, Kunzru describes individuals’ dawning awareness of, and struggles against the snares of, the ideological fantasies of global capitalism that entrap them. His novels open fictional spaces where alternatives to global capitalism are revealed to be possible. By exploring and applying Žižekian approaches to psychoanalysis, this dissertation aims to provide a new perspective on Kunzru’s novels and outline new points of view on how the individual can possibly break down the allure of global capitalism’s ideological fantasies. It reveals that it is possible to escape the prison of fantasy constructed by the symbolic order of capitalism, and that the key to this lies in taking sides with the excluded outcast.