兩岸當代婚配家庭的居住地選擇決策：「跨界」概念的探索

Abstract

婚姻移民為臺灣重要的國際遷移議題，其中又以兩岸婚姻家庭人數最多。兩岸婚姻可溯自1987年開放國人至中國大陸探親，因交流頻繁、語言及文化相似，使兩岸居民共組家庭人數持續增加（行政院大陸委員會，2011）。有別於早期婚姻坡度（marriage gradient）較大的兩岸婚姻，隨著時間、經濟、政治、社會變化，兩岸人口成為同事、貿易夥伴，或雙方赴第三地讀書、旅遊、工作等，始促成兩岸婚姻的因素多樣化，並產生兩岸婚姻類型之改變，婚姻雙方之個人條件與資本亦更加多元化。 本研究主要探討婚姻雙方皆高學經歷組成之兩岸婚姻家庭，其居住地的選擇，居住於臺灣、大陸、甚或第三地的議題，主要焦點是居住地選擇之考量與其影響因素。遷移不僅是居住地空間的移動或人口遷移，更有諸多有形或無形的界線（限）和跨越與否的行動決定，故本研究在遷移議題外，再加入跨界概念探討。經文獻探討與半結構式質性訪談，共訪談八位由高學經歷者組成兩岸婚配家庭的女性配偶，了解兩岸婚姻背景與變動趨勢，以微觀的研究角度，瞭解兩岸婚姻家庭居住地的選擇與跨越的界線。 本研究發現，兩岸婚姻的家庭在居住地選擇時，高度重視經濟、社會、文化因素，選擇遷移、停留、就業與經濟優勢或穩定處，且利用社會網絡降低遷移風險；就文化因素，共同居住及家庭成員的生命週期也影響著選擇，家庭成員依據生活需求選擇居住地。然而，居住的選擇並非完全開放的選項，兩岸婚配家庭依據實質空間界線、社會界線、文化界線型塑遷移的選項，進行評估與選擇，出現兩岸婚姻家庭單次或多次選擇居住地；兩岸婚姻家庭亦出現家庭成員分住異地情形，而有家庭的非經濟維繫者-母親，成為單獨帶著子女遷移居住地的行為。 Marriage migration is an important international issue, in particular for Taiwan’s cross-strait marriage. Since Taiwan government started an open policy for cross-strait exchange in 1987, the flows of poeple have become phenomenal. People of both sides became co-workers, partners or friends for economic, cultural and social reasons. Because of frequent exchanges and similar language and culture, cross-strait marriages are increasing. This paper examines the factors and boundaries that influence residential decision-making of cross-strait marriages. Based on literature review and a purposive sampling method, qualitative interviews and semi-structured questionnaire, 8 female spouses of cross-strait marriage were interviewed. As cross-strait marriages face the residential choice of Taiwan, China or a third place, it is crucial to understand what factors play important role in decision making. The study finds factors including economic, social network and culture, influence residential decision-making. Not only life cycle and family needs are critical, but also institutional and regulatory issues are conditioning decision-making. Besides, cross-strait marriages cross the physical border, social boundary and culture boundary to arrange their residence. Some cross-strait marriages made their residental decision more than one time; while some families, according to family needs, live apart. For the single-parent headed faimlies, the mother or female spouse of cross-strait marriage is usually the ones to take care of the household and children in Taiwan. As this is oen pheneomnon worthy of attention, it does not mean all single-parent heaed hourseholds of cross-marriage remain mainly in Taiwan.