三種踏板距離蹲距式起跑之生物力學分析

Abstract

本研究主要探討改變三種踏板距離蹲距式起跑對於起跑出發階段以及起跑後加速度階段之影響。受試者是以八位高中短距離選手為研究對象（年齡16.38±0.52歲）。並使用四個測力計分別安裝於兩架起跑踏板的上方與下方，收集三種蹲距式起跑之動力學參數，擷取頻率為1000Hz。另外於受試者左側矢狀面架設一台Redlake高速攝影機(拍攝速度為每秒250個畫面)，以收集三種蹲距式起跑之運動學參數。實驗數據以重複量數單因子變異數分析，進行F考驗，如有達到顯著水準，則進行事後比較，事後比較則採用杜凱式法（Tukey Method）進行，顯著水準訂為α = .05。實驗結果顯示，改變起跑架前、後踏板距離模式，當踏板距離增長時，對於起跑出發階段運動學參數以及動力學參數都有比踏板距離較短的模式還來得好，另外在起跑後加速度階段的運動學參數也是以長式起跑模式比其他兩式還來得好。由此可知，在有系統改變起跑架前、後踏板距離模式的情況下發現，當前、後踏板距離增長時，對起跑出發階段的運動學、角運動學以及動力學參數都有優於踏板距離較短模式的優勢。所以，當教練及選手在從事起跑訓練時，可以先從較長的前、後踏板距離模式，再經訓練的調整及修正，方可找出適合選手個人的起跑模式，幫助選手創造佳績。

The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of three different sprint starting positions on the initial preparation start phase and the acceleration phase of the sprinters. The subjects of this study were eight high school sprinters (average age 16.38±0.52 years). Four load cell measurement devices (1000 Hz) were placed in the upper and lower corners of each starting block to collect the kinetic data of the three different stances. A Redlake high-speed video（250f/s）placed at the left-hand side to record the sagittal plane of the subject kinematics data. The results were analyzed using a repeated measures one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey paired comparisons at .05 significant levels. The results of the study indicate that while the range between the front and rear blocks increased, the more kinematics and kinetic advantages were all superior. In addition, the kinematics variables of acceleration after the initial start were also superior in the wider stance as compared to the other two stances. Thus, by systematically varying the distance between the front and rear starting blocks, it was possible to conclude that kinematics and kinetic variables were all superior in the wider stance as opposed to the two narrower stances. We strongly recommended that when the coaches and the athletes train for sprint starts, they should try the wider stances first and then proceed with adjustments and modifications to determine the best stance for each runner.