現代漢語「離合詞」的研究及其在教學上之運用的探討

Abstract

「離合詞」是現代漢語中能「離」又能「合」的一種特殊的「詞」。「離合詞」在構詞層次中是一個由動詞性詞素與名詞性詞素組成的合成詞，以在句法層次而論是經過詞彙的重新解釋而分離為動詞性成份與名詞性成份，如：「報名」、「鞠躬」等皆能分離為「報完名」、「鞠個躬」等。但我們不能因為「離合詞」能分離，而將它視為「詞組」。「離合詞」至少包含一個粘著詞素，故只能構成「詞」，不可能構成「詞組」。 本文以陸志韋（1957）、趙元任（1968）、朱德熙（1982）、以及Li& Thompson（1981）對現代漢語的「詞」之研究為基礎，認為由內部結構的角度來區別「詞」與「詞組」或界定現代漢語的「詞」是最妥當的方式。此外，也依據趙元任（1968）、Li & Thompson（1981）、范曉（1998）以及朴庸鎮（1999）對能分離之組合的研究來探討現代漢語的「離合詞」。本文以測驗方式，針對印尼大學中文系大二至大四學生進行施測後，分析其使用「離合詞」的偏誤與因素。最後檢視「大陸漢語初、中、高級教程」、「實用視聽華語一、二及三）」與「今日台灣」─三套現行教材以及「精選英漢－漢英詞典」，提出日後修訂「離合詞」及相關教材與詞典之建議，也針對印尼籍學生，提出「離合詞」教學上的建議。希望能藉此提高外籍學生（尤其是印尼籍學生）對「離合詞」的掌握能力並減少他們使用「離合詞」的偏誤。Separable word is a unique word in Modern Chinese Language which can either be separated or combined. Separable word on the Word Formation Level, is a compound word which is formed by one verbal morpheme and one noun morpheme. On the other hand, on Syntax Level, it can be separated into verbal component and noun component, for example: ‘baoming’, can be separated into: ‘baowanming’. Separable word at least contain one bound morpheme in its structure, therefore, it can only form a word, not a phrase. This study is based on Lu, Zhi-wei (1957), Chao, Yuan-ren (1968), Zhu, Dexi（1982） and Li& Thompson (1981) researches of Modern Chinese Word, considering that the Internal Construction is the most proper method to distinguish word from phrase. Moreover, concerning separable morpheme combination, this study also follows the researches of Chao, Yuan-ren (1968), Li & Thompson (1981), FanXiao (1998) and Pu, Yong-zhen (1999) in order to discuss separable word in Modern Chinese. Moreover, this study analyzes the errors of Indonesian students in using separable words. This study also examines three current Chinese language teaching materials and a Chinese English dictionary in order to revise the shortcoming of the teaching material and the dictionary related to separable word. Finally, this study proposes teaching suggestions for Indonesian students to deal with separable words properly.