韓中身體慣用語中的比喻現象探究與教學應用：從容器和食物概念出發

Abstract

我們與人交際時，尤其是想把情緒、狀況等抽象的事物具體地表達時，常常會使用身體部位來表達，這樣的慣用語稱為身體慣用語。比如，「鼻酸」、「兩手空空」等。這是因為我們的身體是跟外部世界直接接觸的，而且由於這是全人類共同的經驗，所以為了達到有效溝通，我們會基於自身感知與自身經驗，將身體部位當作比喻對象，藉由隱喻的方式進行言談。 本論文主旨在探討韓中身體慣用語當中的身體隱喻表現，依據Lakoff & Johnson（1980）的隱喻理論，探討韓中慣用語身體部位之隱喻現象。透過韓中身體慣用語的收集和語義分析，再觀察身體詞彙在韓中慣用語出現的隱喻差異，以討論身體詞彙在韓中慣用語的隱喻現象異同。本文先從詞典、論文及期刊收集韓中身體慣用語，分類於容器隱喻、食物隱喻、機器隱喻等七類，再經過數量比較將分析的類別縮小為容器隱喻、食物隱喻。探究韓中身體慣用語的隱喻現象及其對比分析。 本文研究結果發現韓文的主體取向較中文強。比如，韓文是用主體「肩膀」來描述責任感及心理負擔，以身體部位說「어깨가 가볍다/무겁다（肩膀輕/重）」。中文則是用客體「擔子」進行描述，說「擔子輕/重」。中文是將客體擔子視為容器進行隱喻，韓文則是以主體的身體部位進行隱喻。 另外，從食物隱喻中使用的詞彙發現韓文的集體取向較中文強。比如，韓文利用「익다（熟）」與「안 익다（未熟）」的詞彙，以一個詞彙「익다（熟）」及其否定形式「안 익다（未熟）」來表示正反兩種現象，例如：「눈에 익다（對眼熟）」、「눈에 안 익다（對眼未熟）」和「손에 익다（對手熟）」、「손에 안 익다（對手未熟）」等。中文則利用兩個不同的詞彙「熟」與「生」來表示，例如：「面熟」、「面生」和「熟手」、「生手」。 最後，本文檢視中文教材中有關身體慣用語的語料，建議教師可先建立容器隱喻與食物隱喻的概念，基於此對中文身體慣用語進行系統性分類，組織慣用語之間的關係，以歸類排列的方式揭示中文身體慣用語，再與學習者的母語做對比進行慣用語教學，幫助以韓文為母語之學習者能夠聯想相關性的慣用語組合，加強對中文慣用語的掌握。This research is based on the metaphor theory by Lakoff& Johnson(1980), it analyze the similarities and differences of meaning and expression between Korean and Chinese Bodily Idioms. The objective of this research is to help those Korean learners of the Chinese language to understand Chinese Bodily Idioms more easily and systemically. The Korean and Chinese Bodily Idioms used in this research were collected from dictionaries and papers. According to an adjective and verb in the Bodily Idioms and its metaphor meaning, the Bodily Idioms were first divided into seven categories: “Container metaphor”, “Food Metaphor”, “Machine Metaphor” and so on. After comparing the number of seven databases, this research has focused on analyzing “Container metaphor”, “Food Metaphor” in the Korean and Chinese Bodily Idioms. The results show that Korean tends to centre around the “Subject”, while Chinese tends to centre around the “Object”. For example, when we describe a degree of burden, Korean speakers choose a body word of Subject (shoulder）, say “My shoulder is heavy/light(어깨가 무겁다/가볍다）”, while Chinese speakers choose Object (burden）, say “My burden is heavy/light(擔子重/輕）”.Secondly Korean tends toward collectivism than Chinese. For example, when we describe “familiar” or “unfamiliar”, Korean and Chinese use Food metaphor, Korean chooses a word “익다”which means “familiar” and “안 익다” “unfamiliar” which is it’s negative form. While Chinese use two totally different words “熟” and “生” which have opposite meanings. Finally, after inspecting the Chinese Bodily Idioms in Chinese textbooks, this study suggests that teachers teach Chinese Bodily Idioms from different perspectives, such as Container Metaphor, Food Metaphor and its structure, metaphor features to help Korean students understand the cultural factors that two languages have and contrast the different aspects between Korean and Chinese and comprehend the Chinese Bodily Idioms meaning.