幼兒色彩偏好與氣質之研究

Abstract

本研究旨在瞭解幼兒氣質和色彩偏好之現況，並檢測這兩者間的關係，也探討年齡、性別與幼兒色彩偏好及氣質的關係。本研究以241位四歲和五歲的幼兒為研究對象，這些受試幼兒來自台北市和台北縣的四所公立幼稚園及一所私立托兒所。使用家長填寫的幼兒氣質量表及日本色研表色系統（P.C.C.S）中的紅、橙、黃、綠、藍、紫、黑、灰、白九色的色票卡為研究工具。透過和幼兒一對一訪談，研究結果發現：（一）本研究受試幼兒的平均氣質表現與常模無顯著差異。（二）四歲組與五歲組的氣質表現沒有顯著差異，但性別上男生比女生活動量大、規律性低、反應強度也低，且情緒本質較正向、堅持性低、分神度低、反應閾高。（三）全部241位受試幼兒中，偏好有彩色者有229人，佔95％。（四）受試幼兒中只有64人（26.6%）能表現出某特定偏好顏色。（五）幼兒喜歡的顏色由多至寡依序為：紅、黃、紫、藍、橙、綠、黑、白、灰，其中喜歡紅色的女生較多，喜歡藍色的男生較多；以年齡區分，偏好紅、黃、藍三原色者，四歲組人數較多，偏好橙、綠、紫中間色者，五歲組較多。（六）幼兒對其偏好之色彩知覺各有不同，約可分成三種類型，有如具體物件、知覺如抽象表徵，或聯想如某情境。另外在幼兒色彩偏好與其氣質之關聯分析，則發現：（一）偏好有彩色的男生，且反應閾限較高，偏好有彩色的女生，情緒本質較為正向，且反應強度較小；（二）有固定色彩偏好之男生，反應強度較小；（三）喜歡黃色的男生，堅持性較低，喜歡藍色的男生，反應閾限較高，反之喜歡紅色的男生反應閾較低；（四）喜歡藍色、黃色的女生，情緒本質較為正向，喜歡紫色、紅色的女生，情緒本質較偏負向。針對本研究結果，建議未來可以繼續對年齡更大的兒童進行研究，並可以增加對無彩色色彩偏好、色彩偏好和情緒之間的關聯性研究。The present study aims to understand the current status of young children’s temperaments and color preferences, and to examine the relations between the two, and between age and gender and color preference and temperament. Targeting young children aged 4~5, the researcher has sampled 241 subjects from one private and four public kindergartens in Taipei city and county areas. Instruments used in the research include young children temperament scale filled in by the parents and nine color cards of Japanese practical color coordinate system (PCCS): red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black, gray, and white. Through one-on-one interviews with young children, the study has found: (1) No significant difference exists between average temperament expressions and normal modes of subject young children; (2) For all subject young children between 4 and 5, there is no significant difference between their temperament expressions. Comparisons made between genders have found that boys tend to have higher activity level, lower regularity, lower intensity of reaction, higher positive quality of mood, lower persistence, lesser distractibility, and higher threshold of responsiveness than girls; (3) Among all 241 subjects, 229 had chromatic color preference, accounting for 95％; (4) Only 64 young children (26.6%) expressed their preference to specific colors; (5) Colors most favored by young children are, in order of preference level: red, yellow, purple, blue, orange, green, black, white, and gray. Red is the most liked color by girls, and blue by boys. Comparison between age groups has found that the three primary colors (red, yellow and blue) are most liked by 4 year olds, with 5 year olds most preferring the intermediate colors (orange, green and purple); (6) Young children’s perceptions of color preferences may be roughly divided into three categories: concrete objects, abstract representations, and association of situation. Moreover, correlation analysis between color preferences and temperaments has found: (1) Boys with chromatic color preferences have a higher threshold of responsiveness; girls with chromatic color preference have higher positive quality of mood and lower intensity of reaction; (2) Boys with fixed/specific color preference have lower intensity of reaction; (3) Boys with yellow color preference have lower persistence. Contrasting to boys with a blue color preference, those with red color preference have lower threshold of responsiveness; (4) Unlike girls with blue and yellow color preferences, who have higher positive quality of mood, girls with purple and red color preferences have higher negative quality of mood. Finally, the study suggests that future follow-up researches may focus on the investigation of older children, and expand the scope to include exploration on the achromatic color preference, and the correlation between chromatic color preferences and moods.