被噤聲的台灣意識: 台語文學的發展、史論建構與民族想像
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2013
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1980年代初期,受著黨外反對運動所激發的「台灣意識」,逐漸成為台灣社會推動「本土化」的基礎。在台灣這塊島嶼上所產生的文學,也終於隨著台灣民族主義的發展,自「鄉土文學」的前身「正名」為「台灣文學」。從日治時期開始,「語言」在台灣民族認同形成的過程中成為一項充分條件,使得台灣的文學與文化實踐無不與「台語」、「台灣話」息息相關。但吊詭的是,無論是戰前的白話字文學、台灣話文運動,或是戰後經過寧靜革命,直到1980年代才得以發聲的台語文學,在「以台灣為中心」的台灣文學史當中,卻幾乎都被忽略、消抹。
究竟被戰後國民黨官方所改稱的閩南語,或客家族群所稱的福佬/鶴佬/河洛話,如何在日治以來的台灣歷史當中成為「台語」、「台灣話」?為什麼在台灣文學史當中,包括台語在內的本土語言文學反而被「消音」,卻又因為「台語」的定義引發了關於族群、民族認同的矛盾與爭論,迄今仍懸而未解?本研究以後設歷史學(Metahistory)的觀點,結合民族主義研究對民族認同、語言及族群文化等變項的觀察,展開對台灣文學史論的解構、分析與比較,梳理台灣文學的發展與台灣民族主義的興起,如何面對本土語言與文化經歷戰前、後的國語運動之後的挫傷?而台語文學掙脫「方言文學」以來的發展,又對台灣人追求主體性、自主性的民族認同,提出了什麼樣的反省與展望?
本文首先以「戰前台語文學」的視野,重新檢視台灣在全球化的情境當中,自17世紀以來對西方現代性的受容、揉雜與實踐,並深入探討「台灣話」的文學軌跡,如何在戰後國民黨中國民族主義下的語言政治與文學史敘事內逐漸被抹除。在獨尊「國語」、貶抑「方言」的語言政治當中,「鄉土文學」混雜、收編方言的文類成規,阻礙台灣作家對本土語言的後殖民想像,在這樣的條件下所浮現的「台灣意識」,承認華語文學體制的合法性,延續了殖民者壓抑、收編本土語言的語際關係,形成台灣族群與民族認同的矛盾。台語文學亦因此在戰前、後斷裂的歷史縫隙中重建主體性,亦對台灣文學發出「再」正名的呼聲,為台灣文學與台灣民族認同確立多元文化、互為主體的內涵與價值。
In early 1980s, the “Taiwanese Consciousness” came from Tang-Wai movements had become the basis of Taiwanization in Taiwan’s society. In the narrative of Taiwanese Nationalism, the “Hsiang-tu Literature” had also been renamed as “Taiwan Literature”. All of the practices and movements about Taiwanese Literature were related to the national identity closely since Taiwan under Japanese rule, but the definition of languages of Taiwan Literature is still a controversial issue until nowadays. The “Taiwanese Literature” written by Chinese character and Roman alphabet was also absent in the History of Taiwan Literature. This research try to construct the history of Taiwanese Literature, and probe into Taiwan Literature by the views of Metahistory and Nationalism, in order to understand the Taiwanese Nationalism had grown up from the politics of language in beforewar and postwar Taiwan made in Taiwan Literature differ from that made in Taiwanese Literature. In the view of “Taiwanese Literature Before war”, I reflect on the acceptance, hybridity and practice of modernity with globalization of Taiwan from 17th century were absent in Taiwan literary history under KMT’s Chinese Nationalism in Post-war period. Because “Taiwanese Consciousness” agree with the Mandarin Movement, obstruct the development of Mother Tongue Literature. Taiwanese Literature is to try to reconstruct the subjectivity of itself, and make a multi-center for Taiwan Literature and Taiwanese Nationalism.
In early 1980s, the “Taiwanese Consciousness” came from Tang-Wai movements had become the basis of Taiwanization in Taiwan’s society. In the narrative of Taiwanese Nationalism, the “Hsiang-tu Literature” had also been renamed as “Taiwan Literature”. All of the practices and movements about Taiwanese Literature were related to the national identity closely since Taiwan under Japanese rule, but the definition of languages of Taiwan Literature is still a controversial issue until nowadays. The “Taiwanese Literature” written by Chinese character and Roman alphabet was also absent in the History of Taiwan Literature. This research try to construct the history of Taiwanese Literature, and probe into Taiwan Literature by the views of Metahistory and Nationalism, in order to understand the Taiwanese Nationalism had grown up from the politics of language in beforewar and postwar Taiwan made in Taiwan Literature differ from that made in Taiwanese Literature. In the view of “Taiwanese Literature Before war”, I reflect on the acceptance, hybridity and practice of modernity with globalization of Taiwan from 17th century were absent in Taiwan literary history under KMT’s Chinese Nationalism in Post-war period. Because “Taiwanese Consciousness” agree with the Mandarin Movement, obstruct the development of Mother Tongue Literature. Taiwanese Literature is to try to reconstruct the subjectivity of itself, and make a multi-center for Taiwan Literature and Taiwanese Nationalism.
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Keywords
台灣文學史, 白話字, 台語文學, 台灣意識, 認同, History of Taiwan Literature, Church Romanization, Taiwanese Literature, Taiwanese Consciousness, Identity