以數位人文方式探析《金瓶梅詞話》之「酒」事研究

Abstract

《金瓶梅詞話》作為四大奇書之一，屬明代末期長篇白話章回小說，內文不厭精細地摹繪西門慶一家的的日常生活。「酒」在當中大量出現，於《金瓶梅詞話》領域中已有不少的研究成果，但幾乎皆採人工方式研究，少見以數位人文方法對其進行研究分析。其中文本標記研究更是少之又少。因此本研究進行《金瓶梅詞話》全文「酒」功能研究，以往只有針對文中「宴飲」目的進行分類標記與研究，本研究標記全文《金瓶梅詞話》與「酒」有關的功能事項進行「酒事」研究。本研究標記項目主要為「飲酒目的」。依據酒功能共分五大分類，各功能總次數排序為「人情交際」194次、「慶賀慶會」108次、「遊賞玩樂」74次、「其它功用」45次、「偷情淫樂」27次，共計標註448次。標記後進一步運用數位人文工具進行探勘，藉以來挖掘《金瓶梅詞話》之中「酒」功能新的詮釋可能性，發現文中多使用「飲酒」與「吃酒」，使用上前者較正經，後者則多使用於享樂上。另外觀察宴席中常出現的「酒席」、「擺酒」、「置酒」、「酒筵」四字詞在使用目的上也有所不同，分別依序是較正經、謹守規矩的宴席；工作官職官員們所設的宴席；設宴迎送離開或歸來的親友；安置辦理較歡愉、慶賀的宴席等。此外採用胡衍南將《金瓶梅》所切分四部分，本研究分別簡化為第一階段發家、第二階段攀升、第三階段爆發至崩壞以及最後的第四階段衰敗來代表，以此為做運用數位人文工具以俯視角度綜觀詞語的全文趨勢，觀察「酒」與西門府整體的興衰，發現大多目的是隨著西門府興衰所起伏，但有些則是例外，如「慶賀婚嫁」，是在西門慶死後第四階段上升，因為眾娘子多又改嫁；而「擺酒」如上述大多是迎送所使用，在西門府崩壞後各自分家因此較頻繁出現。綜觀上述藉由數位人文工具幫助下，本研究在進行不同層面的資料分析與聚合後，挖掘「酒事」新面向研究並進一步詮釋觀察「酒」與西門府興衰起伏彼此息息相關。未來建議可增加標記內容與項目，嘗試其他學者酒功能或酒宴種類分類，也可以進一步研究明代物質文化。The Golden Lotus, one of the Four Great Books, is a lengthy vernacular chapter novel from the late Ming Dynasty that describes the daily life of the Ximen Qing family and"liquor" in great detail. The word "Liquor" frequently appears in "The Golden Lotus," and has been explored by a few studies. Practically all of them have been manually evaluated, few have been analyzed using digital humanities techniques, and even less research has been conducted regarding text markers. Therefore, in this study, we examined the function of "liquor" in The Golden Lotus's whole text. In the past, only the function of "feasting" in the text was classified and researched; however,in this study, we marked the function of"liquor" in the whole text of The Golden Lotus and conducted a comprehensive study on "alcohol-related affairs." The items marked were mainly "purpose of drinking". The final "purpose of drinking" was divided into five major functions according to the function of the alcoholic beverage, and the total number of times for each function was 194 for "social engagements," 108 for "celebrations," 74 for "entertainment," 45 for "other functions," and 27 for "illicit sexual activities," for a total of 448 markings. Subsequently, following marking, this study further explored new interpretative possibilities of the function of "liquor" in The Golden Lotus by employing digital humanities tools, and found that the use of the words “drink liquor" and "consume liquor" in the text is more formal with the former, and the latter is more often used in pleasure-oriented manners. In addition, the use of the words "banquet", "set up a liquor banquet", "placement of liquor" and "liquor feast", which are often found in banquet scenarios, are different in terms of their purpose, and are used in the order of more formal and regular banquets, banquets set up by officials, banquets to welcome friends and relatives who are departing or returning, and banquets for more joyful and celebratory occasions.In addition, Yan-Nan Hu's of The Golden Lotus is divided into four parts, which are simplified in this thesis to represent the first stage of the household's rise, the second stage of the household's ascent, the third stage of the household's outbreak and collapse, and finally the fourth stage of the household's decline. In this study, we use a digital humanities tool to examine the relationship between the trend of the word "liquor" and the rise and fall of the Ximen Qing Household as a whole. We find that the majority of the purposes ebb and flow with the rise and fall of the Hsi-men House, but there are exceptions, such as"celebrating a marriage," which rises in the fourth stage after the death of Ximen Qing. In conclusion, with the use of digital humanities tools, this study analyzes and aggregates data across a multitude of levels to investigate new facets of "liquor" and to recognize and observe the relationship between "liquor" and the rise and fall of the House. In the future, it is suggested that markers and items can be added to try to classify for additional liquor functions or types of feasts, and alsoto further study the material culture of the Ming Dynasty.