中文時態副詞「曾（經）」和「已（經）」之意義研究
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2017
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Abstract
本研究旨在探討中文時態副詞「曾（經）」和「已（經）」之意義，並一併討論情狀類型（situation type）與其搭配之適切性。
本研究採用Reichenbach（1947）之三個時點關係結構以及Kennedy（2007）之級差（scale）理論來分析「曾（經）」和「已（經）」。本研究主張「曾（經）」為一過去時間副詞，其語意轄域（scope）內之情狀的事件時間（event time）必須先於說話者講述該情狀的說話時間（speech time）；「已（經）」則表現出兩類語意，其一為相對過去（relative past），另一為級差關係，即指出其語意轄域內之情狀已達到某級差關係中的特定門檻。
鑑於「曾（經）」和「已（經）」必須依附於情狀，本研究另闢單章探討其搭配適切性。本研究採用Tai（1984）之情狀區分，將中文情狀分為狀態（State）、活動（Activity）及結果（Result）。「曾（經）」除與絕對（absolute）狀態次類不相容外，與其餘情狀皆相容；「已（經）」亦表現出類似的相容性，然在非絕對（non-absolute）狀態及慣性（habitual）狀態次類表現出侷限性的語意。
This thesis examines the meanings of the Chinese temporal expressions ceng(jing) and yi(jing) and their compatibility with different situation types. In this thesis, previous studies of ceng(jing) and yi(jing) are first discussed and commented, and then the meanings of the two temporal adverbs are examined via Reichenbach (1947) and the scale structure, particularly Kennedy (2007). Ceng(jing) is suggested to be a past time adverb that obligates the event time (E) to precede the speech time (S). On the other hand, yi(jing) is suggested to have two different meanings. First, it can be a relative past, showing the order of the event time (E) preceding the reference time (R). The other meaning is illustrated by scale structure, where yi(jing) marks a threshold of degree-relevant contexts. The compatibility between ceng(jing)/yi(jing) and the situation types are also discussed since they are indispensable to forming meaningful ceng(jing)/yi(jing) sentences. In this thesis, Tai’s (1984) classification of Chinese situation types into States, Activities and Results is adopted. Ceng(jing) is found to be compatible with all the situation types except the absolute subtype of States; yi(jing) shows a similar pattern but is more restricted in meanings when it comes to the non-absolute and habitual subtypes of States.
This thesis examines the meanings of the Chinese temporal expressions ceng(jing) and yi(jing) and their compatibility with different situation types. In this thesis, previous studies of ceng(jing) and yi(jing) are first discussed and commented, and then the meanings of the two temporal adverbs are examined via Reichenbach (1947) and the scale structure, particularly Kennedy (2007). Ceng(jing) is suggested to be a past time adverb that obligates the event time (E) to precede the speech time (S). On the other hand, yi(jing) is suggested to have two different meanings. First, it can be a relative past, showing the order of the event time (E) preceding the reference time (R). The other meaning is illustrated by scale structure, where yi(jing) marks a threshold of degree-relevant contexts. The compatibility between ceng(jing)/yi(jing) and the situation types are also discussed since they are indispensable to forming meaningful ceng(jing)/yi(jing) sentences. In this thesis, Tai’s (1984) classification of Chinese situation types into States, Activities and Results is adopted. Ceng(jing) is found to be compatible with all the situation types except the absolute subtype of States; yi(jing) shows a similar pattern but is more restricted in meanings when it comes to the non-absolute and habitual subtypes of States.
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時態副詞, 情狀語意, 時制, 時貌, 級差, temporal adverbs, situation semantics, tense, aspect, scale