軍人性別角色與性別平權及其相關因素研究—以空軍○○部隊為例

Abstract

經過許多團體的努力，兩性工作平等法終於在2002年3月8日施行，此法的通過與施行，在台灣追求兩性平權的歷史中，佔有相當重大的指標。電視媒體也大幅報導著男性也可以請育嬰假，女性每個月可以有一天的生理假。然而在兩性平等工作法施行的背後，台灣社會是否已經是一個去除性別角色刻板印象的社會呢？長久以來，我們的文化都主張陽剛陰柔，男人應該具備獨立、勇敢、主動、競爭性、攻擊性等特質，而女人則被認為應該具備友善、溫柔、體貼、有愛心等特質。基於傳統的權威制度下，角色定位非常清楚，有「男女授受不親」的規範，有「男主外，女主內」的分工，有「在家從父，出嫁從夫」的禮教等等；根深蒂固的傳統價值觀對兩性有不同的期望與標準，放任男性享有特權，同時也加諸許多嚴苛、不合理的要求，進而塑造男性強者的形象；反之，女人雖遭受性別歧視及不平等待遇，但也較少承擔高期待的壓力，長期扮演著沒有獨立人權、依附陪襯的弱者角色。傳統兩極化的性別角色已不能適應今日的社會需求，兩性都可以依照個別差異及個人的潛能盡力發揮，培養剛柔並濟的雙性化特質。 女性在軍中服役，經驗到玻璃天花板的限制，這種升遷的障礙多是以細微、不易察覺的方式呈現，它的癥結不在於制度或政策本身，而在於這個制度的運作機制。本研究以軍人性別角色與性別平權為研究主題，就性別角色刻板印象及現行性別平權推展現況，以軍人為對象，進一步分析其對性別角色想法之差異、性別平權態度、教育之發展現況，以為相關業管單位、兩性教育及心理相關工作者之參考。Because of the tireless efforts made by many groups, Gender Employment Equality Law finally went into effect on March 8, 2002. The pass and implementation of the law has great significance in Taiwan’s history of pursuing gender equality. Media gave enormous reports on the rights for male employees to make parental leaves and female ones to make menstrual leaves. However, does implementing Gender Employment Equality Law really mean that Taiwan’s society has abandoned sexual stereotype? It has been long time that our culture expects males to be strong and female soft. Males should be independent, brave, active, competitive and aggressive. Females should be friendly, gentle, considerate and loving. The roles of different genders are very clear in our tradition. For example, Males and females should keep certain distance from each other. Males should be in charge of outside world and females of household. Before a female is married, she has to listen to her father and to her husband after marriage. The deep-rooted traditional values have different expectations and standards to different genders. The tradition indulges males in privileges but burdens them with many strict and unreasonable demands to create a strong male image. On the other hand, although females suffer from sexual discrimination and unfair treatments, they bear less stress of high expectations, playing a long-time dependent and subordinate role. The polarization of traditional gender roles can not meet the requirements of today’s society. Both genders can show their talents and develop strong-soft balanced character, according to their personalities and potentials. Female personnel experience the restriction of glass ceiling for their promotion in the military. The hurdles are presented in a very subtle and unobservable way. The problem is not the system or the policies but how the organization is operated. My study takes the topics of gender roles of military personnel and gender equality. Based on gender stereotype and current status of gender equality promotion, the study analyzes military personnel’s perspective differences for gender roles, attitudes for gender equality, and the current status of education development in the hope of providing reference for people who work in this field, in gender education, and in psychotherapy.