臺灣法教聖事神學建構：以土地觀與社會關係為聚焦

Abstract

臺灣法教的聖事建構其中的神學概念，以法教中的土地祭祀儀式探究，了解其中的個別意涵，以五營與地祇主的祭祀為主要研究對象，透過社神的祭祀與后土信仰的土神，理解出土地信仰的建構，藉此理解法教中的土地祭祀來自社神祭祀，社神祭祀與常民較有相關，社神祭祀主要分為內在與外在，內在社神就是指地祇主，外在社神則是五營，與五方、五行、五帝有關係。本文由外而內對空間作了一番土神祭祀梳理，從臺灣法教土神信仰與祭祀，理解臺灣法教儀式的聖事詮釋，透過聖事了解其中的神學觀念，藉由西方神學觀念，建構出屬於臺灣法教的神學體系，也了解其中的土地觀與社會關係。本文分為六章，除了第一章緒論和第六章為結論之外，從第二章開始探討法教聖事神學與儀式禮節，並且討論五營的神系，五營祭祀所運用到的咒語，五營祭祀與法師自我修行的關係，第三章則是透過村社中，玄天上帝信仰和五營之間的空間關係，在五營的祭祀中，中營往往與代表玄天上帝的黑旗連結在一起，甚至是密不可分，在中營的位置上方可以看到黑令旗，甚至也有黑令旗與中營一起祭祀的情形，透過空間詮釋法教聖事神學與地方的關係，以及玄天上帝對於法教發展的重要性，並且第四章中時空背景的轉變，探討內在社神祭祀的轉化，並且以當今網路、傳媒與時空背景的現象，探究最小社神祭祀，透過祭祀，了解臺灣社神祭祀與聖事神學之間的建構、實踐與影響，第五章則是透過法教的聖事神學了解出所代表的土地、空間觀與民俗觀的建構，了解法教儀式本質的神學建構，透過法教儀式內在的土地、空間、民俗觀，並且理解出臺灣法教的神學核心。The theological concepts in the construction of Faism holy rites in Taiwan are investigated through the land worship rites of Faism in order to understand the individual meanings of these rites. Taking the worship rites for the Generals of Five Camps and the Landlord God as the main object of study, the construction of the land beliefs can thus be understood through the worship rites for Sheshen and Houtushen of the Houtu belief. In this way, we can understand that the land worship in the Faism came from the worship of Sheshen, which is more related to common people. The Sheshen worship rites are divided into the internal and external parts, with the internal Sheshen referring to the Landlord God and the external Sheshen being the Generals of Five Camps, which are related to the Five Directions, the Five Elements, and the Five Emperors.In the paper, the worship rites for the land gods from the outside to the inside of a human residence are all sorted. Through the beliefs and worship of the land gods in Faism in Taiwan, the holy rite interpretations of the rituals of Faism in Taiwan can be understood, and the theological concepts in the rituals can be known through the holy rites. The theological system of Faism in Taiwan is constructed by referring to Western theological concepts, and the view of land and social relations in Faism are also understood.The paper is divided into six chapters. In addition to the introduction in Chapter 1 and the conclusion in Chapter 6, Chapter 2 investigates the holy rite theology and rituals of Faism and discusses the divine lineage of the Generals of Five Camps, the incantations utilized in the worship of the Generals of Five Camps, and the relationship between the worship of the Generals of Five Camps and the self-cultivation of a fashi (Faism cleric). Chapter 3 investigates the spatial relationship between the beliefs of Xuan Tian Shang Di and the Generals of Five Camps in the worship held by different villages. In the worship of the Generals of Five Camps, the General of Middle Camp is often linked to, or even inseparable from, the Black Order Flag, which represents Xuan Tian Shang Di. The Black Order Flag can be seen at the location of the Middle Camp, and there are even instances where the Black Order Flag is worshipped together with the Middle Camp. This chapter interprets the relationship between the holy rite theology of Faism and local communities and the importance of Xuan Tian Shang Di to the development of Faism through spatial concepts. In Chapter 4, the transition of the internal Landlord God worship is investigated through changes in the spatial and temporal contexts, and the minimal Landlord God worship is also investigated through the phenomena on the Internet, the media, and in the spatial and temporal contexts of the present day. Through these worship rites, the construction, practice, and influence between Taiwanese Landlord God worship and holy rite theology can be understood. Chapter 5 aims to understand the construction of the view of land, view of space, and view of folklore through the holy rite theology of Faism. After understanding the core theological construction of Faism rituals through the investigation of the views of land, space, and folklore contained in the rituals, the core theological concepts of Faism in Taiwan can also be understood.