後政治城市中的社會住宅實踐？大台北都會區住宅正義研究

Abstract

這篇博士論文中，研究了台北市和新北市導入社會租賃住宅政策的成因。運用論述分析於政府官員、政治家和社會運動者對可負擔住房的看法，以及該論述在政策文件和社會住宅計畫中的具體化，以確定主導的論述。社會住宅的主流說法是：政府興建社會住宅，作為買不起房的年輕人的暫時解決方案，讓他們可以儲蓄購屋或在私人市場租房。接著，透過應用 Young (2011) 和 Fraser (1998) 的社會正義理論，討論了這些計畫對住宅正義的貢獻。此外，還進行了與私人租賃市場可負擔能力分析和比較。可以得出結論，社會住宅政策不是旨在提高弱勢公民地位的社會政策，而是提高中產階級「青年」在住房市場中的地位。社會住宅政策正在解決代間財富差異，而不是代內差異。此外，當前關於住宅的敘事並沒有透過政策而改變。對台北和新北市議員候選人選舉公報的詳細研究中，發現都市政治舞台上對「好的」都市發展的共識，重點是都市經濟的經濟成長和攀升國際的全球城市排名。政黨內部的高度變異性和政黨之間的共識存在，這與後政治城市的定義產生了共鳴，其中治理被視為管理主義和新自由主義思想在政策制定中盛行。這一結論獲得對都市發展政策文件的分析、以及對市議員、地方政府代表和社會運動者的訪談所支持。社會政策的導入和民主化是西方文獻中相互聯結的概念。然而，東亞國家的民主化走的是不同的路徑，社會政策導入則是選舉競爭的結果。本研究關於導入新的社會租賃住宅政策的研究顯示，當代表下層階級利益的政黨缺席時，透過選舉政治導入「社會」政策的侷限性。為了對抗新自由主義的都市發展，都市政治舞台必須聚焦都市問題，並避開持續存在的社會分裂，即再統合—民主化。In this PhD-dissertation the reasons behind the introduction of the social rental housing policy in Taipei and New Taipei City are examined. Discourse analysis is applied on the perception on affordable housing of government officials, politicians and social movements and the materialisations of this discourse in policy documents and social housing projects to determine the dominant discourse. The dominant discourse on social housing presents as: Social housing build by the government as a temporary solution for young people that cannot afford to buy a house, so that they can save money for buying a house or renting in the private market. Subsequently, by applying theory on social justice by Young (2011) and Fraser (1998) the contribution of these projects to housing justice are discussed. In addition, an affordability analysis and comparison with the private rental market are conducted. It can be concluded that the social housing policy is not a social policy aiming at improving the position of disadvantaged citizens, but instead improves the position of middle-class ‘youth’ in the housing market. The social housing policy is addressing intergenerational wealth differences instead of intragenerational ones. Furthermore, is the current narrative on housing not transformed through the policy.In a detailed study of the election programs of candidates for the position of city councillor in Taipei and New Taipei City a consensus on ‘good’ urban development in the urban political arena is found that focusses on economic growth of the cities’ economies and climbing in the international global cities ranking. High variability within parties and consensus between parties are present, which resonates with the definition of a post-political city, where governing is perceived as managing and neoliberal thinking is prevalent in policy development. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of urban development policy documents and interviews with city councillors, local government representatives and social movements.Social policy introduction and democratisation are linked concepts in western literature. However, democratisation in East Asian countries follows a different path and social policy introduction is a result of electoral competition. This research on the introduction of the new social rental housing policy shows the limits of ‘social’ policy introduction through electoral politics, when a political party representing the interests of the lower class is absent. In order to counteract neoliberal urban development the urban political arena has to focus on urban issues and steer away from the persisting cleavage is society, which is reunification – democratisation.