原住民族參與棲蘭山區林業經營的政治生態學分析

Abstract

棲蘭山地區是原住民族泰雅族的生活空間，1945年後成為官營伐木的地區。在1945-1967年間，受到國際局勢與經濟影響，棲蘭山地區成為安置榮民與出口林木以換取外匯的地區，當地原住民生活空間受到限縮。1976年後政府頒發「台灣林業經營改革方案」，開始限制官營伐木業，更進一步受到國際潮流的影響，在保育團的訴求下，政府於1991年頒布全面禁伐天然林，但棲蘭山地區仍舊在森林保育處的管轄下。1999年，在保育團體的要求下希望於棲蘭山區成立馬告國家公園，但在當地居民的強烈反對下，馬告國家公園的預算遭到凍結。在不同的時間，不同的權益關係人採取不同的論述，並且在不同尺度中分別展現不同的影響力。主導棲蘭山地區森林生態系變遷的主要力量，以「國家政策」為主。「NGO」與「社區/地方」的行動者則多因應政策的變遷，而產生不同的環境認同，進而採取新的行動，並展現其影響力。在森林生態系變遷歷程中，不同行動者(或權益關係人)會採取對其最有利的論述。而今日「保育」此價值在此歷程中，成為不同行動者(或權益關係人)各自表述與定義的名詞。

Chilansha Area are inhabited by Atayal Tribe and became the government-owned logging area in 1945. During 1945 to 1967, under the impact from the international situation and economical changes, Chilansha Area became the place for the government to resettle veterans and a logging area to earn more foreign exchange. The living space for the aboriginal people there were, therefore, restricted. In 1976, the government announced “Taiwan Forestry Management Reformation Program” and started to limit the amount of logging. Under the pressure of NGO and international trend, the government prohibited logging in some areas in 1991, but Chilansha Area was still controlled by Forest Conservation and Management Administration. In 1999, NGO planned to establish Maqaw National Park in Chilansha Area but was objected by the local residents. Thus, the budget for the park was held in Legislative Yuen. As we can observe, in different times, there were different stakeholders who had different opinions and generated different influences in different scales. Among these, national policy held the most important impact. The members of NGO and community/locals had different identifications according to the transition of the policies, and therefore, took different actions. During the progress of the changes in forest eco-system, different stakeholders chose the discourse which benefits them more. Nowadays, the phrase “nature conservation” is still defined and interpreted variously by different stakeholders.