桃園閩客交界地帶的族群空間分布特色與族群互動關係

Abstract

空間傳統為本文的研究觀點，利用空間分析的研究方法，本文針對桃園閩、客交界地帶族群空間分布特色與族群互動關係進行探討。據統計，研究區的世居宗族主要來自惠州府陸豐縣、嘉應州鎮平縣與長樂縣以及潮州府饒平縣，具有明顯的原鄉血緣性和地緣性色彩。清代漢籍移民遷徙來臺並定居臺灣的過程中，宗族聚集而居且共同開墾，血緣性色彩濃厚；同音系社群大多有集中分布的特色，亦呈現明顯的地緣性特色。 整體而言，研究區的族群結構以四縣客、海陸客以及海陸閩為主體。個別了解六鄉鎮的族群結構，中壢、平鎮、楊梅實為客家人優勢區，觀音、新屋、八德屬於閩、客混居區。此細緻的族群調查，已打破社會大眾與學界對於桃園地區南、北族群分布的粗略概念。根據研究區和世居宗族大陸原鄉兩地的田野訪查，確認半福佬客、南靖客和祖籍來自福建省永定縣古竹、高頭、湖坑三鄉鎮的永定客為閩、客雙語社群，渡臺之時即具備雙語能力。依據閩、客方言下各音系社群的分布情形，本研究認為夾在桃園北閩（漳州閩）、南客（四縣客和海陸客）強勢音系社群中間的「海陸客、海陸閩混居區」、「次音系社群混居區」和「詔安客優勢區」，可視為桃園地區閩、客族群互動的緩衝地帶，呈現一個帶狀分布的態勢。 桃園閩、客交界地帶六鄉鎮市的族群結構和族群空間分布態勢，從現今語言分布大致可確認，但已無法細緻反映真實的情形。本研究藉由世居宗族開基祖的祖籍資料，還原清末甚至是更早以前研究區處於傳統農業時期的族群結構和分布特色；進一步探討清代研究區土地拓墾的過程，反映族群間合作與競爭的互動關係；而地方公廟、神祇祭拜的祭祀圈結構，則鮮明呈現閩、客族群意識。Spatial tradition is the study main concept. Using the method of spatial analysis, the article will focus on the characteristics of spatial distribution and the interaction of ethnic groups in the transitional region of Southern Min and Hakka in Taoyuan. According to the data, the immigrants show strong spatial and blood relationship with Lufeng county in Huizhou prefecture, Zhenping and Changle counties in Jiaying prefecture, and Raoping county in Chaozhou prefecture where their ancestors came from. When immigrants settled in Taiwan in the Qing dynasty, the clan lived together and dialect groups always lived near. There are mainly dialect groups of Hakka（belongs to Sixian and Hailu vernacular）and Southern Min（belongs to Fulao vernacular）in the study area. The Hakka is the main ethnic group in the counties of Zhongli, Pingzhen and Yangmei, however it is just half in Guanyin, Xinwu and Bade counties. The accurate survey breaks general view of the people about the distribution of ethnic groups in Taoyuan. According to the fieldwork in Taoyuan of Taiwan and China, we can identify the groups, including the so-called “Half-Hohlo-Hakka” and the immigrants came from the counties of Najing and Yongding in Fujian province, spoke two languages before thay came to Taiwan. And there is a transitional region between the dialect groups of Southern Min（belongs to zhangzhou vernacular）and Hakka（belongs to Sixian and Hailu vernacular）in Taoyuan. Present distribution of languages can roughly show the struction and the spatial characteristics of ethnic groups, but it’s not true. According to the data on ancestral homes, we can ascertain it accurately. The process of land reclamation in the Qing dynasty reflected the ethnic interaction of cooperation and competition, and the local belief region also showed the ethnic consciousness of Southern Min and Hakka.