農民曆二十四節氣的氣象意涵

Abstract

年循環是大自然地表上最明顯的循環週期訊號，地球公轉太陽一週為一年，現今所通用的曆法，皆以年為週期。我們所存在的華人社會慣用的曆法為「農民曆」，是一種陽曆與陰曆結合在一起的曆法，以節氣詞為陽曆的刻度。本研究針對農民曆二十四節氣進行分析，探究節氣詞中與氣象有關的因子。二十四節氣詞中跟氣象有關係的為小寒、大寒、雨水、驚蟄、清明、穀雨、小暑、大暑、處暑、白露、寒露、霜降、小雪、大雪，共計有十四個。本研究使用氣象資料數據，欲了解這個中國漢代以前就完備的節氣詞之意涵，進而了解其適用的範圍與過去及未來的變遷。 研究發現，節氣詞設計的邏輯是先確立夏至、冬至、春分、秋分的時間點之後，再將二分二至中間各安放一個季節開始的立春、立夏、立秋、立冬。以上為天文因子的節氣詞，用來表示太陽位置的年循環，是幾乎固定不可變的。接下來安插天候及物候因子來提醒農業工作的進行，跟植物栽培有關係的氣溫、雨量因子紛紛進入節氣詞，跟事件「至」點有關係的是小大暑、小大寒、白露，跟事件「開始」點有關係的是驚蟄、雨水、處暑、霜降、小大雪，跟事件的過程有關係的是清明、穀雨及寒露。節氣的設計雖然一開始是當做太陽曆的刻度，但在節氣詞的設計階段，卻巧妙的包含了農業災害預防的概念，水的三相變化時間點在這裡被點了出來，雪、霜、水氣、露、雨的相態變化對動植物有不同的影響，農民曆可以說是一套農業氣象防災曆。 從研究的圖表中可以發現，所有節氣詞的描述在節氣發源地仍然適用，不論描述最熱的時段（大暑）、最冷的時段（大寒）、景色能見度開始變好的時段（清明）、雷及霜開始的時段（驚蟄、霜降）都吻合於節氣詞的時間點。但在臺灣地區只有小寒、大寒、清明、穀雨、白露、寒露、處暑可以適用，最熱的時段並未落在大暑，而在小暑。統計發現，過去60-80年間的臺灣及中國古都地區一年之中氣溫最高及最低日其實是散佈在3-6個節氣時段的，但是長期來看並沒有任何提早或延後的趨勢，僅有最冷跟最熱日氣溫的上升趨勢。使用CMIP5氣候模式推估資料來檢視未來2075-2099年可能的節氣變遷，也得到與上述相同的結果，除非發生特殊事件改變大氣環境，否則未來世紀末的大暑及大寒時間點不會提早或延後，節氣詞的防災時間點功能可以延續使用下去，繼續發揮提醒的作用。 二十四節氣系統目前仍然適用於節氣詞發源地，另外以區域氣溫參數分析的結果也顯示，中國大陸的內陸地區目前都還能適用此套太陽曆的刻度系統，而中南半島及南洋一帶並不適用，韓國、朝鮮、日本等地其氣溫節奏相似，但最高溫或最低溫出現日期雨節氣詞的描述偏差較大。The annual cycle is the most apparent oscillation signal in the natural world on the earth's surface. The earth revolution is one year for the sun. Today's public calendars are all based on the annual cycle. The calendar used by the Chinese community is the Chinese Farmers’ Calendar. It is a calendar combining the solar calendar and the lunar one. This study analyzes the 24 solar terms of Chinese peasant calendar and explores the factors related to meteorology in the 24 solar-term systems. Among the 24 solar terms, there are 14 related to meteorology: Xiaohan (小寒: Cold), Dahan (大寒: most Cold), Yushui (雨水: Rain), Jingzhe (驚蟄: the Waking of Insects), Qingming (清明 (Clear and Bright), Guyu (穀雨: Grain Rain), Xiaoshu (小暑: Hot), Dashu (大暑: most Hot), Chushu (處暑: Heat hides), Bailu (白露: Dew), Hanlu (寒露: cold Dew), Shuangjiang (霜降: Frost), Xiaoxue (小雪: Snow) and Daxue (大雪: heavy Snow). This study uses modern meteorological observations to understand the meaning of the solar-term system established before the Chinese Han Dynasty and to understand the scope of application and the changes in the past and future. The study found the design logics of the solar-term system: The first priority is to fix the time of the summer solstice, the winter solstice, the spring equinox, and the autumn equinox. Secondly, to set beginnings of 4 seasons into the middle of 4 former terms. The above 8 terms are the solar terms of the astronomical factor, which is used to indicate the annual cycle of the sun's position. They are almost fixed and cannot be changed. Next, insert weather and phenological factors to remind the agricultural work. Temperature and rainfall factors related to plant cultivation have entered the solar-term system. The events related to the event "pole" point are Xiaoshu (小暑: Hot), Dashu (大暑: most Hot), Xiaohan (小寒: Cold), Dahan (大寒: most Cold), Bailu (白露: Dew). The "starting" point of the incident is Jingzhe (驚蟄: the Waking of Insects), Yushui (雨水: Rain), and Qingming (清明: Clear and Bright), Chushu (處暑: Heat hides), Shuangjiang (霜降: Frost), and Xiaoxue (小雪: Snow). Although the design of the solar-term system was initially used as the scale of the solar calendar, it cleverly included the concept of agricultural disaster prevention. The calendar maker emphasizes the time point of the water phase change, so the Chines Farmers’ Calendar can be said to be a set of agricultural meteorological disaster prevention. The solar-term system is still applicable in the birthplace of the solar terms. Dashu (大暑: most Hot) is just the hottest period in a year. Dahan (大寒: most Cold) is right on the coldest period. Qingming (清明: Clear and Bright) represents the time when the visibility of the scenery begins to improve. Shuangjiang (霜降: Frost) is the time when the frost starts to happen in the area. However, in Taiwan, only Xiaohan (小寒: Cold), Dahan (大寒: most Cold), Qingming (清明: Clear and Bright), Guyu (穀雨: Grain Rain), Bailu (白露: Dew), Hanlu (寒露: cold Dew), and Chushu (處暑: Heat hides) can be applied. The hottest time does not fall in the Dashu (大暑: most Hot), but the Xiaoshu (小寒: Cold). Statistics show that the highest and lowest temperatures in Taiwan and China's ancient capital in the past 60-80 years are scattered in 3-6 solar terms. There is no early or delayed trend. Only, there is an uptrend in the coldest and hottest day of temperatures. The results of using the CMIP5 climate model projection data to estimate possible future solar terms changes from 2075 to 2099 are the same as above. Unless once a time, some special events change the atmospheric environment, the future day of Dashu (大暑: most Hot) or Dahan (大寒: most Cold) will not be advanced or delayed. The function of the disaster prevention of the solar-term system is still reliable and play the role of` reminder. The 24 solar system is still applicable to the birthplace of solar terms. In addition, the results of regional temperature parameter analysis also show that the inland area of mainland China can still apply the system of the solar calendar. However, theregions of the Indo-China Peninsula and South-east Asia are not applicable. The temperature rhythms of South Korea, North Korea, and Japan are similar to those of the ancient capital of China, but the day of the highest temperature or lowest temperature occurrence has a larger bias from the description of the solar terms.