比較婦女懷孕期與懷孕前飲食營養攝取型態

Abstract

本研究分析個人飲食頻率問卷和生產後回憶各時期典型一天飲食問卷來評估現今台灣婦女懷孕期前後飲食營養的攝取狀況，並比較婦女懷孕前及懷孕期飲食營養攝取是否有差異。合併兩個小型世代研究的受試者為分析對象，民91世代於民國91年至民國92年間，於台北市立婦幼醫院招募181名孕婦為受試者；民93世代自民國93年至95年間於台北市立婦幼醫院和臺大醫院招募150位生產後的婦女參加。以面對面或電話訪談方式收集孕婦的飲食相關資料。分析個人飲食頻率問卷得知，孕婦懷孕前一年膳食纖維、膽固醇、維生素E、維生素k、維生素B1、維生素B2、鈣、鎂、磷、鋅、葉酸、植物性蛋白質、動物性脂肪等營養素密度皆顯著低於懷孕全期；維生素A、菸鹼酸、維生素B6、維生素B12、鈉、鐵則顯著高於懷孕全期。且婦女懷孕期間比懷孕前一年攝取較多的奶類、水果、蛋類和黃豆類食物。由生產後回憶各時期典型一天飲食問卷得知，懷孕前一年孕婦平均攝取2813kcal的熱量，懷孕前期、後期平均熱量攝取為2076kcal和2300kcal。收集婦女懷孕各時期之膳食資料，相關評估法須考量問卷型式及收集時間點，本研究發現生產後再回憶各時期典型一天會高估懷孕前之飲食攝取，而FFO較適合評估長期飲食型態及營養素密度。

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary intakes of pregnant women and compared the collected data from prepregnancy and during pregnancy. We used two dietary assessment methods including food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a typical day recall for postnatal women to collect dietary information during pregnancy and before pregnancy. Our study subjects were from two cohort studies. First cohort were 181 pregnant women who received prenatal follow-up at Taipei Municipal Women's and Children's Hospital. Second cohort consists of 150 postnatal women recruited at Taipei City Hospital, Branch of Women and Children, and National Taiwan University Hospital. By using the FFQ, we found that the nutrient densities of dietary fiber, cholesterol, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, zinc, folate, plant protein, and animal fat during pregnancy were higher than pre-pregnancy, while the nutrient densities of vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, sodium, and iron were lower than pre-pregnancy. In addition, women during pregnancy ate more milk, eggs, fruit, and soybean products than pre-pregnancy (p<0.05). By using a typical diet from postnatal women recalled, (remote dietary recall) the average energy intakes before pregnancy was 2813 kcal, the first and the third trimesters were 2076 kcal, and 2300 kcal, respectively. We suggested the dietary intakes assessed by a typical diet from postnatal women recalled were overestimated. This may reflect, in part, the influence of current diet on recall of past diet. In addition, we suggested FFQ gave useful estimates of the nutrient density intakes of pregnant women and appears to be an appropriate tool to assess diet.