漢語放置事件描述中起點與終點訊息使用之探究

Abstract

本文針對放置事件的漢語語言表現研究兩個問題：（1）放置事件中移動物體與參照物之間關係的改變是否會影響漢語母語者語言中起終點訊息的表達？（2）漢語母語者描述放置事件的句式偏好為何？是否會因移動物體與參照物關係改變而受到影響？本次以實驗的方式進行調查，受試者（六十位漢語母語者）在觀看完放置事件中分離事件和結合事件的短片後，用一句話描述所看到的事件。 研究發現：（1）移動物體和參照物之間的關係改變（顏色變化、穿戴對象和位置變化）會影響受試者對於參照物的關注程度，進而提高起終點訊息在語言中的出現比例，且在統計上有顯著差異。（2）受試者傾向使用把字句描述放置事件。大致而言，描述事件時「S＋把＋O＋V＋趨向補語（＋處所詞）」的使用頻率最高。當移動物體與參照物間的關係改變，受試者語言中表示處所的動前、動後介詞短語以及「V＋趨向補語＋處所詞」的使用比例有所增加，且「S＋把＋O＋V＋介詞短語」成為描述結合事件時最常使用的句式。（3）一個指向終點（結合事件）的動詞或補語平均所對應到的事件數要比指向起點（分離事件）的動詞和補語來得少，顯示描述分離事件和結合事件的動詞和補語有語義廣度上的區別。 總體而言，本次的實驗操作有效提高受試者在語言上對起終點訊息的關注。經由分析受試者分離事件和結合事件時所使用的句式，可知漢語母語者偏好使用「S＋把＋O＋V＋趨向補語（＋處所詞）」來描述放置事件。This study aims to investigate two issues in the language performance of placement events in Chinese: (1) Do the changes of relationship between figure and reference object affect Chinese native speakers’ expression of source and goal? (2) Do Chinese native speakers have any preference when describing placement events? Will the changes of relationship between figure and reference object affect native speakers’ language preference? Sixty Chinese native speakers participated in the experiment. They were asked to use single sentence to describe what they saw in short clips demonstrating separating and joining placement events. The results indicated that (1) the changes of relationship between figure and reference object affected participants’ attention, as reflected in significantly increased the source and goal information in participants’ responses; (2) participants preferred to use BA sentence to describe placement events, and “S + ba + O + V + path complement (+ place word)” structure was used most frequently. However, when the relationship between figure and reference object changed, more frequent usage of preverbal, postverbal preposition phrases, and “V + path complement + place word” structure was observed. “S + ba + O + V + preposition phrase” became the most preferred structure when describing joining events; (3) the verbs and complements in joining events were used less frequently than those in separating events. This indicates semantic discrimination between verbs and complements used in separating events and joining events. In sum, the manipulation of the experiment increases the source and goal in language efficiently. The analysis of the sentence patterns used by Chinese native speakers showed that the “S + ba + O + V + path complement (+ place word)” structure is preferred.