美國童子軍手冊內容之研究
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2011
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
本研究係以西元1911年第一版至2009年第十二版美國童子軍手冊為研究對象。首先，探討童子軍手冊內容研究的理論基礎，並藉由內容分析法探究各版本手冊「內涵」、「內容組織與評量」及「封面與封底」之異同。最後，綜合討論提出我國童軍手冊編寫之建議。
針對研究目的，本研究之結果如下：
壹、內涵
美國童子軍手冊的內涵計有三大特徵：一、各版本內容主題在結構上大致可分為「童軍智能」（Scoutcraft）、「森林知識」（Woodcraft）及「露營技能」（Campcraft）三大面向；二、內容之主題選取係依據童子軍晉級考驗標準，但卻非所有主題內容皆為考驗項目；三、各版本之內容修訂有三種型態，分別為固定型、反覆型、與時增減型。
貳、內容組織與評量
童子軍手冊內容組織有兩種：一、依「主題」設計；二、依「晉級考驗標準」設計。評量方式採行為目標取向，強調「描述」（Describe）、「展現」（Demonstrate）、「解釋」（Explain）、「表達」（Show）及「說明」（Tell）之具體行為。評量人員可分童子軍「自評」與團長及服務員「他評」兩類。
參、封面與封底
由封面與封底分析可知，各版本設計雖有不同，但手冊封面與封底之圖像設計，仍可歸納出以下共同處：一、「童子軍精神象徵」；二、「戶外活動」；三、「國家象徵」。
This research focuses on American Boy Scout handbooks from the first version in 1911 to the 12th version in 2009. It first explores the theoretical bases that are used to analyze the Boy Scout handbooks and the method of content analysis are employed to compare the differences and similarities of content, content organization and evaluation, and cover and back cover of different versions are of the Boy Scout handbooks. The research findings are as follows: 1. Content Content of the American Boy Scout handbooks include three characteristics: 1) topics of different versions include three major themes: Scoutcraft, Woodcraft, and Campcraft; 2) the topics are include based on the scouts advancement, but not all topics belong to the scouts advancement; 3)there are three types of revision of different versions: fixed type, repeated type, and “change with time” type. 2. Content organization and evaluation There are two ways to organize the content of the Boy Scout handbooks. One way is to organize by topics. The other way is to organize by scouts advancement. The evaluation is goal-oriented, and it emphasizes the actions such as “Describe, Demonstrate, Explain, Show, and Tell.” The evaluators include scouts, scoutmaster and scout leaders. 3. Cover and back cover According to analysis the designs of cover and back cover are varied, there are three recurrent image designs as follows: 1) symbols of scouts’ spirit; 2) outdoor activities; 3) national symbols.
This research focuses on American Boy Scout handbooks from the first version in 1911 to the 12th version in 2009. It first explores the theoretical bases that are used to analyze the Boy Scout handbooks and the method of content analysis are employed to compare the differences and similarities of content, content organization and evaluation, and cover and back cover of different versions are of the Boy Scout handbooks. The research findings are as follows: 1. Content Content of the American Boy Scout handbooks include three characteristics: 1) topics of different versions include three major themes: Scoutcraft, Woodcraft, and Campcraft; 2) the topics are include based on the scouts advancement, but not all topics belong to the scouts advancement; 3)there are three types of revision of different versions: fixed type, repeated type, and “change with time” type. 2. Content organization and evaluation There are two ways to organize the content of the Boy Scout handbooks. One way is to organize by topics. The other way is to organize by scouts advancement. The evaluation is goal-oriented, and it emphasizes the actions such as “Describe, Demonstrate, Explain, Show, and Tell.” The evaluators include scouts, scoutmaster and scout leaders. 3. Cover and back cover According to analysis the designs of cover and back cover are varied, there are three recurrent image designs as follows: 1) symbols of scouts’ spirit; 2) outdoor activities; 3) national symbols.
Description
Keywords
童子軍, 美國童子軍手冊, 內容分析法, boy scout, the Boy Scout handbook, content analysis