生態烏托邦的崩解:由生態女性批評的角度檢視童妮˙摩里森的《樂園》

Abstract

本文旨在運用生態女性主義的角度探討童妮˙摩里森的《樂園》。由於對自然的宰制與對性別、種族與社群的壓迫具有高度相關性，在這樣宰制的邏輯中，文化上較低等的實體一直以來都被視為是某種可被控制、宰制和殖民的客體。為了除去這種父權中心的意識型態，筆者認為人類應該學習與大自然彼此和諧地相處，並在此生態系統中學習互相關愛與互相尊重。

大致上，本論文主體可分為五個部份，分別是引言、正文與結論。在正文中，筆者試圖探討性別、種族和社群與自然之間的關係，分三章討論。第一章闡明《樂園》裡自然與性別的相互關係。筆者首先將露比鎮與女修道院的自然環境做比較，透過這兩處自然環境的異同與動物的暗喻，筆者認為自然與女性所受到的壓迫現象頗有相似之處。接著，筆者試圖探討在父權體制下，不同種族與階級的女性在《樂園》中所經驗到的性別壓迫現象。第二章主要著重在殖民的邏輯的議題上，筆者於此章除了探討殖民的邏輯也檢視了激進的排他性對種族延續所造成的負面效果。筆者在此章也檢視了身分認同的衝突問題，特別是在異族混血和世代衝突等問題上。第三章旨在檢視自然與生態烏托邦的關係。本章首先探討人類對生態烏托邦的嚮往與追尋，並討論《樂園》中對生態烏托邦的追尋，筆者也探討生態系統中將自然視為孕育萬物的母親，但筆者認為若將自然視為孕育萬物的母親，人類將會合理化對大自然恣意的剝削與宰制。最後，筆者檢視了生態社群中的集體文化認同現象。This thesis attempts to apply an ecofeminist approach to Toni Morrison’s Paradise, for the suppression upon nature is correlated with the suppression of gender, race and community. Under the logic of domination, the culturally inferior entities have long been regarded as “objects” that can be controlled, dominated, and colonized. In order to de-center the patriarchal ideology, one should learn to live in harmony with each other based on mutual love and respect in the ecosystem.

As a whole, this thesis is composed of five parts—an Introduction, three chapters constituting the bulk of the thesis, and a Conclusion. Chapter One offers insight into the interrelations of nature and gender in Paradise. This chapter first offers a comparison of the natural environment between Ruby and the Convent. Through the representation of the natural environment and the animal metaphor, this chapter demonstrates that women and nature are both dominated by the patriarchy ideology. This chapter also attempts to investigate the sexual oppression as experienced by women with different race and class under the patriarchal system. Mainly paying attention to the problems of the logic of colonization, Chapter Two discusses the logic of colonization and examines the ways radical exclusion in the effect of disallowal. This chapter also investigates the problem of identity conflict in miscegenation and the conflict between generations. Scrutinizing the relation between nature and ecotopia, Chapter Three first investigates the search for ecotopia, and then discusses whether we should regard the ecosystem as a nurturing mother. After that, this chapter examines the collective and cultural identity of eco-community.