台灣與南韓民主轉型之比較研究：過程與結果分析

Abstract

從二次戰後的威權時代，至1980年代紛紛踏入了民主國家之列，台灣與南韓都曾經歷了長達40年的威權統治，並在其後卓越的經濟表現上，獲得了「亞洲四小龍」的稱號，然這股帶動亞洲民主化的浪潮從何而來？是否就如Huntington對民主化的研究相同，都是來自第三波民主化的影響呢？又或者在這個儒家文化圈下，有屬於東亞獨特的轉型因素呢？ 本論文的研究目的主要是透過對民主化概念的了解，並套用在台灣與南韓的民主轉型過程之觀察，探究其中異同之處，希冀能將兩國民主化成功之經驗，作為亞洲地區其他尚未民主化國家之參考。尤其經濟日漸起飛的中國，儘管在國際間的影響力已不容忽視，但人民對民主的渴望與日俱增，民主化的議題勢必將是未來領導者必須面對的難題。 是以本論文除了透過Huntington的第三波民主化研究外，也將運用其他民主化理論來檢視台灣與南韓的民主化過程，以求找出更貼近亞洲發展模式的關鍵因素。除了對國際局勢的觀察外，更將聚焦於國內局勢的變動，以及政府對反對勢力的回應等，來判別兩國轉型的模式與異同，從而發現更適用東亞地區民主轉型的方式。From World War II to the 1980s, Taiwan and South Korea have gone through an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime one after another, and also been ruled by authoritarian government for more than 4 decades. After that, they won their name "Four Asian Tigers" by their outstanding economic performance. However, where does the democracy wave in Asia come from? Does it from the Third Wave, just comply with Samuel Huntington’s study of democratization? Or are there any unique transforming factors of East Asia in this Confucian culture circle?

The main purpose of this thesis is to apply the concept of democratization to Taiwan and South Korea. From understanding democratization concept, to further observe these two countries’ democratic transition, and figure out the differences between them, wishing to take their successful democratization experience as the references of other non-democracy countries in Asia, particularly the economic rising China. Despite its rising influence in international society, the eager of democracy of Chinese people has increased. The future Chinese leaders must have to face this hard issue of democracy.

This thesis, is not only based on Huntington’s Third Wave Democracy studies, but also apply other democratic theory to examine the process of democratization in Taiwan and South Korea, and identify the key factors closer to Asian development. Besides observing international situation, this thesis focuses on the changing domestic situation, the Government's response to the opposition. Through determining similarities and differences between the two countries in transformation, we shall find a more suitable way of democratic transition to East Asia.