電視新聞記者角色之轉變與閱聽眾媒體角色認知之研究

Abstract

隨著各式記者會開放線上直播，記者提問或成檯面化，線下閱聽人能夠藉由載具隨時進入消息來源及採訪者間的對話，雖然典型傳統電視媒體亦能從其守望原則中瞭解環境變化，聯繫社會脈動（鄭自隆，2021），但卻仍與當前新媒體的發展使閱聽眾高度涉入內容中（蔡美瑛，2007）的效果有別，科技進程下，閱聽眾在成為媒體的主宰者時，能更快為超越新聞報導的呈現中，直接參與過程，即時評論記者提問，卻也將可能對媒體與閱聽者間過往的平衡產生影響。本研究使用半結構式訪談法透過所訪談記者自身之經歷，以Goffman劇場理論探討過去後台採訪，到現今前台展演的自我角色轉換。另又藉閱聽者與記者量化分析之問卷調查法，以劉蕙苓與羅文輝（2016）參考Lo與Willnat& Weaver所建構之媒介角色認知量表為測量依據，了解民眾對記者的角色評價與角色認知，並與記者作答分數進行對照，試圖與記者訪談過程中的回應反饋。 研究結果發現，電視新聞記者與閱聽眾對於電視新聞記者是否為表演者持相反意見、Goffman劇場理論部分支撐電視新聞記者角色多樣性、電視新聞記者對於新聞素養的落實不一，閱聽眾對於新聞素養部分則認為記者恐是受到上級影響而製作新聞、而對媒體角色期待與現狀之呈現：閱聽眾期待「依據事實正確報導新聞」、記者期待「對複雜的問題提供分析與解釋」、閱聽眾認為現狀缺乏「避免報導不能證實的新聞」、記者認為現狀缺乏「提升大眾對知識與文化的興趣」，最後電視新聞記者樂見科技下直播趨勢卻無法首肯記者會直播留言。The emergence of online live broadcasts for press conferences has enabled reporters to not only ask questions, but also to serve as intermediaries between news sources and their offline audience. While traditional TV media has historically been able to discern environmental changes and understand the social pulse, it cannot fully replicate the immersive and participatory experience of new media. The technological advances associated with new media have allowed readers to become active participants in news reporting, surpassing the passive consumption of information. However, this shift towards a reader-centered media paradigm may disrupt the delicate balance between media producers and consumers. This study employs a semi-structured interview method to explore the transformation of reporters' roles from behind-the-scenes interviewers to present-day stage performers by Goffman dramaturgy theory. Reporters must navigate the potential appearances or interferences of supervisors, themselves, and the audience, and consider the necessity of live broadcasting press conferences. The research findings indicate a divergence of opinions between TV news journalists and the audience regarding the perception of journalists as performers. The application of Goffman dramaturgy theory partially supports the notion of diverse roles adopted by TV news journalists. The study also reveals inconsistencies in the implementation of news literacy by TV news journalists. Additionally, audience members express concerns about the potential influence of journalists' superiors on news production. The study further highlights the contrasting expectations between the audience, who prioritize "accurate reporting based on facts," and journalists, who emphasize "analysis and explanation of complex issues." While the audience expects journalists to avoid reporting unverified news, journalists feel that there is a lack of emphasis on "enhancing public interest in knowledge and culture" in the current media landscape. Finally, TV news journalists generally view the technological trend of live streaming positively, but express reservations about the live dissemination of messages from press conferences.